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From page 215... ... Index/207 ritualization in ants, 44-45 selection pressure in, 147 signal transduction as chemical ecology, 133-134 signal transduction in T cells, 134 specificity of ant, 42-44 spectral contrast, 148 stridulation in ants, 45-46 temporal contrast, 148 temporospatial analysis in marine environment, 150-154, 158 types of, 161 variation in plant reaction to herbivore attack, 58 See also Sex pheromones Chilocorine, 32, 38 Chilocorus cacti, 32 Chiriquitoxin, 22 Chlorophyll, 2 CNS 2103, 34-35 Cockroach, 106, 107 Colostethus frogs, 18, 25 Combinatorial chemistry, 195-196, 197 Competition for resources, 3 human chemical defenses in, 12 Conotoxins, 73-74, 75, 80 Consumer selection pressure in chemical signaling, 147 defensive chemistry and, 3, 7 taxonomic distribution of defensive chemistry as evidence of, 3-4 vestigial accumulation in secondary compound metabolism, 7-8 Corn, 55-57, 58 Cost-benefit analysis, 9-11 Cotesia marginiventris, 55, 57 Cotton, 58 Coumarins, plant, 1 Creatonotus transiens, 129 Crotalaria spectabilis, 120, 126 Cutleria multifida, 89-90, 92, 97 Cyanogenic glycosides, plant, 1 Cycloheptadienes, 91, 99 Cyclohexene, 92 Cyclopentenes, 91 Cyclophilin, 136, 137, 138 Cyclopropanes, 91, 95 Cyclosporin, 134, 135, 137, 138, 142, 143, 187 Cysteine-rich polydnavirus expression products, 71-75, 80, 81, 82 Cytochrome be, 109 D Danaidone, 130 Danaus gilippus, 130 Danaus plexippus, 192 Decahydroquinolines, 24, 25, 26 Defense chemistry of amphibians. See Poisons, in amphibians Defense chemistry of arthropods diversity, 30-34 sources of chemicals, 36-38 sources of steroids, 31-32 Defense chemistry of birds batrachotoxins in pitohui, 423 distribution, 4 Defense chemistry of humans characteristics, 12-13 natural sources, 13 range of, 11 synthetic sources, 11-12 Defense chemistry of insects medicinal application, 190-191 parental endowment of larva, 126127, 129-130 sources of, 1 use of plant alkaloids, 119, 120-122 Defense chemistry of marine invertebrates distribution, 4-6 poisonous substances, 17 Defense chemistry of plants, 3 active repellent strategies, 54-55 chemical interaction vs. Read the entire page →
From page 216... ... 208 / Index signal release to summon predator. during herbivore attack, 54-58, 63 theoretical models of, 6-7, 9, 13 theories of, 6-7, 9 Defensive chemistry, in general absence of, 4 allomone functions vs., 2-3 antiviral properties of toxic substances, 31 conspicuous life-style and, 4 cost-benefit analysis, 9-11 definition, 2-3 in parasitic organisms, 4 poisons and, 3 selection pressure and, 3, 7 similarities across taxa, 3,13-14 taxonomic distribution, 3-6 theories of, 6-7, 9, 13 Degranulation, 133-134 Dendrobates frogs, 18, 23, 25 Dermorphins, amphibian skin, 18 3~-Desaturases, 108, 109-110 Desoxycorticosterone, 31 Development, individual endoparasite-induced arrest in host larva, 68-69 furanocoumarin distribution and, 2 plant volatile emissions in response to herbivore attack, 58 polydnavirus protection for endoparasitic wasps, 67 Dianthrones, 17 Diclyopteris acrostichoides, 92 Diclyopteris divaricata, 91 Dictyopteris membranaceae, 87, 91 Diclyopteris zonariodes, 91 Diclyota diemensis, 98 Dictyotene, 91, 98 Diol serenin, 133-134 Dodeca-3,6,9-trienoic acid, 93-95,101 Dolomedes okefinokensis, 34, 38 E Ectocarpene, 89, 91, 98 biosynthesis of C,~ hydrocarbons in plants, 93, 94 Ectocarpus siliculosus, 87, 91, 92, 99 Electroantennogram, 105-107 Endriandra introrsa, 97 Epibatidine, 24, 26 Epilachna varivestis, 33 Epilachnene, 33-34 Epipedobates frogs, 23, 25 Ergot, 189-190 Escherichia coli, 162 Ethanolamine, arthropod, 33-34 Euclytia ~dava, 53 Evolutionary processes cost-benefit analysis of defensive chemistry, 10 in host-parasite diversity, 77 insect development, 29 models of chemical defense and, 10 mutation, 193-195 olfaction in, 162-164 overdominant selection in polydnavirus expression, 74, 79-80 parasite protein structure, 79-80 segmented virus genomes in, 78-79 selection pressures in parasitization, 77-78 signal ritualization, 44-45 Exochamine, 32 F Finavarrene, 93, 94 Fireflies, 22, 31 predatory mimicry, 59 FK506/FKBPs, 134,135,136-137, 143, 187 peptidomimicry, 140-142 structure, 138-140 Frogs phylogenetic distribution of poisons, 18 See also Poisons, in amphibians Furanocoumarins, 2 G GABA, 174-175 Gene structure Read the entire page →
From page 217... ... See Lobster Homo sapiens, 11-13 Homopumiliotoxins, 26 Hoopoe, 4 Hormosirene, 91-92 Hydrogen cyanide, 30 Hydroxydanaidal, in Utetheisa ornatrix sexual selection, 123-126, 129, 130 I Immune system immunophilin / immunosuppressant complexes, 136-140 response to parasitization, 77 vertebrate, 79 Immunosuppression hemocyte responses in parasitized host, 68 immunophilin / immunosuppressant complexes, 136-140 in parasitized host, endoparasiteinduced, 68, 69, 71 T cell signaling and, 134 Indole, 55-57 Indole alkylamines, in amphibians, 18 Indolizidines, 24 Influenza, 79 Inositol triphosphate, 112 Insects biochemical diversity, 30 diversity, 29 evolutionary development, 29 plant alarm signals for protection from, 54-58 poisonous substance production, 17 predatory mimicry by, 59-61 secondary metabolites in plants and, 2 sex attractant research, 103-105 sex pheromone detection, 111-114 sex pheromone production, 108-111 sex pheromone specificity, 107-108 as source of frog/toad toxins, 24-27 See also Defense chemistry of insects Interleukin-2, 135 Introns, in cysteine-rich polydnavirus expression products, 71, 72-73, 82 Iodosylbenzene/manganese tetraphenylporphyrin, 99-99 Ips paraconfusus, 52 Ips pint, 108 Ivermectin, 191 Read the entire page →
From page 218... ... 210 / Index Kairomones K in arthropod predation, 51, 52 definition, 161 L L-dopa, 189 Laminaria digitata, 91 Lampreys, 163 Leukotreine D4 Lima bean, 55 Linolenic acid, 93 Lipophilic alkaloids, in amphibians, 18, 22, 23 Lobster chemical signaling strategies, 150 chemical signals in dominance conflicts, 156 olfactory navigation, 151 as research subject, 150 sensory sampling behavior, 152, 158 sexual selection, 156 temporospatial analysis of chemical signaling, 150-154, 158 urine dispersal, 154-158 Lovastatin, 190 Lucibufagins, 22, 31 M Major histocompatibility complex, 134-135 Malaria, 79 Mamestra brassicae, 53 Mandelonitrile, 30 Manduca sexta, 191 antenna! lobe structure/functioning for signal detection, 174-176 higher order processing of pheromonal information, 175-176 neural processing of sex-pheromonal information, 168-169 sex-pheremonal stimulus, 169-170, 172-174 sex pheromone detection, 170 sex pheromone neural pathways, 171-172 sex pheromone stimulus intermittency, 173-174 signal transduction in pheromonespecific cells, 170-171 Mantella frogs, 23-24 Marine environment, chemical signaling in, 148-150 Marine invertebrates chemical defenses, 4-6 olfactory systems, 163 poisons in, 17 Mast cell degranulation, 133 Mastigoproctus giganticus, 30 Mastophorinae spiders, 59-61 Measurement techniques brown algal pheromones, 89-90 chemical signal analysis in marine environments, 150-154 for cost-benefit analysis of defensive chemistry, 9-10 pheromone identification with electroantennogram, 105-107 7-Methylcyclooctriene, 97-98 Mevalonate, 190 Microplitis croceipes, 57 Mimicry peptidal, by FK506, 140-142, 143 predatory, 59-61 Minyobates frogs, 23 Moths, 55 parasitic wasps, 52-53, 54 predatory mimicry by spiders, 59-61 sex pheromone detection, 112, 113, 114-115, 176-177 sex pheromone production, 103, 107, 108, 109-110, 114-115 sodium sequestration, 130 See also Manduca sexta See also Utetheisa ornatrix Multifidene, 90, 91 N N-based compounds, 8-9 Read the entire page →
From page 219... ... Index /211 NADH, 109 Neopyrochroa flabellata, 129 Nicotiana sylvestris, 191 Nitropolyzonamine, 32 Nuclear factor of activated T cells, 135 o Octopamine, 113 Olfactory system cellular organization, 165-166 evolutionary development, 162-164 giant sphinx moth sex-pheromone system, 168-177 imaging process, 167-168, 177 neurobiological functioning, 164165, 177 properties of odor stimuli, 166-167, Pheromones 168, 177 Onychophora, 163 Opioids, 188 Ouabain, 192 Overflow metabolism, 7, 8 p Parasitization absence of defensive chemistry in parasites, 4 developmental arrest induced in host larva, 68-69 immunologic response of host, 68, 71 pheromone interception by predatory arthropods, 52-54 polydnaviruses in endoparasite protection. See Campoletis sonorensis, 81 protection strategies, 77 selection pressures in, 77-78 Peptidyl praline isomerization, 137 Periplaneta americana, 107 Perithalia caudata, 91 Pharmaceuticals antiviral properties of toxic steroids, 31 biodiversity and, 197-198 combinatorial synthesis in development of, 195-196 natural sources, 11, 135, 184 new drug development process, 183-184, 191-198 opportunities for advancement, 196-197 receptor subtype sensitivity, 186187 selecting sources for screening for research, 188-191 selection of drug discovery targets, 184-188 specificity, 186 Phenolic amines, in frogs, 18 Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, 110-111 amplitude modulation, 154 ant multicomponent systems, 4647, 48-49 ant trail, 42-44 chemical eavesdropping between arthropods, 52-54, 63 definition, 52, 161 mimetic behavior, 52 in predation between arthropods, 50-51 See also Sex pheromones Philanthus triangulum, 35 Phospholipase C, 112 Phyllobates frogs, 18, 22-23, 25, 191 Phylomedusa frogs, 18 Physaelaemin, amphibian skin, 18 Phytoecdysones, 189 Picrotoxin, 174-175 Pieris brassicae, 53 Piperidines in arthropods, 33 Pitohui bird, 4, 23 Plants allelopathic compounds in, 3 biosynthesis of C~ hydrocarbons, 92-98, 101 competition for resources in allocation of secondary chemistry, 7 insect sequestration of alkaloids from, 119, 120-122 Read the entire page →
From page 220... ... 212 / Index models of secondary metabolism, 8-9 overflow metabolism, 7, 8 predatory mimicry by, 59 screening for pharmaceutical application, 188-191 secondary metabolites in insects and, 2 sources of secondary compounds, 1 See also Defense chemistry of plants Plasmatocytes, in endoparasite-induced immunosuppression, 68 Poisons, in amphibians, 17-18,191 in animals raised in captivity, 22 batrachotoxins, 22-23, 26 bicyclic alkaloids, 24 dendrobatid alkaloids, 23-24, 25 dietary sources, 24-27 phylogenetic distribution, 18 sources of, 18-22, 26 substances unique to frogs/toads, 24, 26 tetrodotoxins, 22 tricyclic alkaloids, 24, 25 Poisons, in general, 26 definition, 3 range of, 17 Polyamines in spider venoms, 35, 38 Polydnaviruses cysteine-rich gene family, 71-75, 80, 81, 82 in endoparasite-induced developmental arrest of host larva, 68-69 in endoparasite-induced immunosuppression, 68 in endoparasitic wasp, 67, 81 evolution, 78-80 expression products in host, 70-82 general features, 69-70 overdominant selection processes in antigen recognition site codon substitutions, 74, 79-80 repeat-gene family, 76-77, 80 segmented virus genomes and, 78-79 structure, 67 venom-related gene family, 75-76 Polyzonamine, 32 Polyzonium rosalbum, 32 Predation allomone function in, 2-3 amphibian defenses, 18 ant recruitment pheromones, 43-44 arthropod semiochemical strategies, 62-63 chemical signal interception be tween arthropods, 52-54 chemical signal mimicry, 59-61 chemical signaling between arthro pods, 51-52 future research in chemical signal ing, 61-62 plant alarm signals to summon her bivore predator, 54-58 spider venoms, 34-36 Utetheisa ornatrix defense by alka loid sequestration, 120 Pregnanes, 32 Pseudoperga guerini, 36 Pseudophryne frogs, 24 Puffer fish, 22 Pumiliotoxins, 23, 25, 26 Pyrethroids, 17 Pyrrolidines in arthropods, 33 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids parental bestowment on eggs, 126 127, 129-130 sequestration by cannibalism in Utetheisa ornatrix, 128-129 sequestration by Utetheisa ornatrix for defense, 120 in Utetheisa ornatrix sexual selection, 123-126, 130 Utetheisa ornatrix sperm selection and, 127-128, 130 Pyrrolizidines in amphibians, 24, 25, 26-27 Q Quinolizidine, 24 R Rapamycin, 134,135,137,140,142, 143 Read the entire page →
From page 221... ... Index/213 Ras farnesy~protein transferase, 188 Renin, 184 S Salamanders, 18 Salmonella, 187 Samandarines, 22, 26 Saponins, 17 Sargassum asporofolium, 91 Sargassum latifolium, 91 Sauvagine, amphibian skin, 18 Schistosoma, 79 Scolytus multistriatus, 52 Scorpions, 30 Secondary compounds in cellular signal transduction, 134 consumer selection pressure and, 7 as defensive agents, 3 evolutionary processes in models of, 10 genetic mutation as source of, 7-8 metabolic characteristics, 2 models of plant metabolism, 8-9 ontogenetic distribution, 2 patterns of allocation, 2, 6-11 plant poisons, 17 in plants, 3 primary metabolism and research on, 11 sources of, 1 taxonomic distribution, 12 Senecio isatideus, 93, 95 Serine proteases, 194-195 Serotonin in amphibian skin, 18 moth sex pheromone reactivity and, 113 Sesquiterpenes, 91, 133 Sex pheromones basic function, in insects, 105, 114-115 behavioral thresholds, 113 biosynthetic enzymes, 108-110 brown algae, 87-92, 99-101 detection mechanism in moth, 170 detection by electroantennogram, 105-107 genetic determinants of response, 113-114 higher order processing in Manduca sexta, 175-176 hormonal system in production of, 110-111 interception by predatory arthro pods, 52-53, 63 neural processing in moths, 168 177 peripheral detection, 111-112 plume structure, 112, 115 predatory mimicry, 59 production in insects, 108-111 research history, 103-105 signal transduction in Manduca sexta, 170-171 specificity, 107-108 stimulus characteristics, 172-173 stimulus intermittency, 173-174 Utetheisa ornatrix emission, 122-123 Utetheisa ornatrix sexual selection, 123-126, 130 visible, 103 Shigella flexneri, 187 Social regulation ant predation, 43-44 chemical signaling in ant societies, 41, 48 communication ritualization, 45 lobster chemical signals, 157, 158 nestmate recognition in ants, 47-48 Sodium sequestration, 130 Spider venoms, 34-36 Spodoptera exigua, 55 Stearoyl-CoA desaturase, 109 Steroids arthropod defense, 30-31 synthesis of steroidal pyrones, 31-32 Streptomyces avermitilis, 191 Streptomyces faecalis, 133 Streptomyces hygroscopicus, 135 Streptomyces tsukubaensis, 135 Read the entire page →

From page 215...

... Index/207 ritualization in ants, 44-45 selection pressure in, 147 signal transduction as chemical ecology, 133-134 signal transduction in T cells, 134 specificity of ant, 42-44 spectral contrast, 148 stridulation in ants, 45-46 temporal contrast, 148 temporospatial analysis in marine environment, 150-154, 158 types of, 161 variation in plant reaction to herbivore attack, 58 See also Sex pheromones Chilocorine, 32, 38 Chilocorus cacti, 32 Chiriquitoxin, 22 Chlorophyll, 2 CNS 2103, 34-35 Cockroach, 106, 107 Colostethus frogs, 18, 25 Combinatorial chemistry, 195-196, 197 Competition for resources, 3 human chemical defenses in, 12 Conotoxins, 73-74, 75, 80 Consumer selection pressure in chemical signaling, 147 defensive chemistry and, 3, 7 taxonomic distribution of defensive chemistry as evidence of, 3-4 vestigial accumulation in secondary compound metabolism, 7-8 Corn, 55-57, 58 Cost-benefit analysis, 9-11 Cotesia marginiventris, 55, 57 Cotton, 58 Coumarins, plant, 1 Creatonotus transiens, 129 Crotalaria spectabilis, 120, 126 Cutleria multifida, 89-90, 92, 97 Cyanogenic glycosides, plant, 1 Cycloheptadienes, 91, 99 Cyclohexene, 92 Cyclopentenes, 91 Cyclophilin, 136, 137, 138 Cyclopropanes, 91, 95 Cyclosporin, 134, 135, 137, 138, 142, 143, 187 Cysteine-rich polydnavirus expression products, 71-75, 80, 81, 82 Cytochrome be, 109 D Danaidone, 130 Danaus gilippus, 130 Danaus plexippus, 192 Decahydroquinolines, 24, 25, 26 Defense chemistry of amphibians. See Poisons, in amphibians Defense chemistry of arthropods diversity, 30-34 sources of chemicals, 36-38 sources of steroids, 31-32 Defense chemistry of birds batrachotoxins in pitohui, 423 distribution, 4 Defense chemistry of humans characteristics, 12-13 natural sources, 13 range of, 11 synthetic sources, 11-12 Defense chemistry of insects medicinal application, 190-191 parental endowment of larva, 126127, 129-130 sources of, 1 use of plant alkaloids, 119, 120-122 Defense chemistry of marine invertebrates distribution, 4-6 poisonous substances, 17 Defense chemistry of plants, 3 active repellent strategies, 54-55 chemical interaction vs.

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From page 216...

... 208 / Index signal release to summon predator. during herbivore attack, 54-58, 63 theoretical models of, 6-7, 9, 13 theories of, 6-7, 9 Defensive chemistry, in general absence of, 4 allomone functions vs., 2-3 antiviral properties of toxic substances, 31 conspicuous life-style and, 4 cost-benefit analysis, 9-11 definition, 2-3 in parasitic organisms, 4 poisons and, 3 selection pressure and, 3, 7 similarities across taxa, 3,13-14 taxonomic distribution, 3-6 theories of, 6-7, 9, 13 Degranulation, 133-134 Dendrobates frogs, 18, 23, 25 Dermorphins, amphibian skin, 18 3~-Desaturases, 108, 109-110 Desoxycorticosterone, 31 Development, individual endoparasite-induced arrest in host larva, 68-69 furanocoumarin distribution and, 2 plant volatile emissions in response to herbivore attack, 58 polydnavirus protection for endoparasitic wasps, 67 Dianthrones, 17 Diclyopteris acrostichoides, 92 Diclyopteris divaricata, 91 Dictyopteris membranaceae, 87, 91 Diclyopteris zonariodes, 91 Diclyota diemensis, 98 Dictyotene, 91, 98 Diol serenin, 133-134 Dodeca-3,6,9-trienoic acid, 93-95,101 Dolomedes okefinokensis, 34, 38 E Ectocarpene, 89, 91, 98 biosynthesis of C,~ hydrocarbons in plants, 93, 94 Ectocarpus siliculosus, 87, 91, 92, 99 Electroantennogram, 105-107 Endriandra introrsa, 97 Epibatidine, 24, 26 Epilachna varivestis, 33 Epilachnene, 33-34 Epipedobates frogs, 23, 25 Ergot, 189-190 Escherichia coli, 162 Ethanolamine, arthropod, 33-34 Euclytia ~dava, 53 Evolutionary processes cost-benefit analysis of defensive chemistry, 10 in host-parasite diversity, 77 insect development, 29 models of chemical defense and, 10 mutation, 193-195 olfaction in, 162-164 overdominant selection in polydnavirus expression, 74, 79-80 parasite protein structure, 79-80 segmented virus genomes in, 78-79 selection pressures in parasitization, 77-78 signal ritualization, 44-45 Exochamine, 32 F Finavarrene, 93, 94 Fireflies, 22, 31 predatory mimicry, 59 FK506/FKBPs, 134,135,136-137, 143, 187 peptidomimicry, 140-142 structure, 138-140 Frogs phylogenetic distribution of poisons, 18 See also Poisons, in amphibians Furanocoumarins, 2 G GABA, 174-175 Gene structure

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From page 217...

... See Lobster Homo sapiens, 11-13 Homopumiliotoxins, 26 Hoopoe, 4 Hormosirene, 91-92 Hydrogen cyanide, 30 Hydroxydanaidal, in Utetheisa ornatrix sexual selection, 123-126, 129, 130 I Immune system immunophilin / immunosuppressant complexes, 136-140 response to parasitization, 77 vertebrate, 79 Immunosuppression hemocyte responses in parasitized host, 68 immunophilin / immunosuppressant complexes, 136-140 in parasitized host, endoparasiteinduced, 68, 69, 71 T cell signaling and, 134 Indole, 55-57 Indole alkylamines, in amphibians, 18 Indolizidines, 24 Influenza, 79 Inositol triphosphate, 112 Insects biochemical diversity, 30 diversity, 29 evolutionary development, 29 plant alarm signals for protection from, 54-58 poisonous substance production, 17 predatory mimicry by, 59-61 secondary metabolites in plants and, 2 sex attractant research, 103-105 sex pheromone detection, 111-114 sex pheromone production, 108-111 sex pheromone specificity, 107-108 as source of frog/toad toxins, 24-27 See also Defense chemistry of insects Interleukin-2, 135 Introns, in cysteine-rich polydnavirus expression products, 71, 72-73, 82 Iodosylbenzene/manganese tetraphenylporphyrin, 99-99 Ips paraconfusus, 52 Ips pint, 108 Ivermectin, 191

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From page 218...

... 210 / Index Kairomones K in arthropod predation, 51, 52 definition, 161 L L-dopa, 189 Laminaria digitata, 91 Lampreys, 163 Leukotreine D4 Lima bean, 55 Linolenic acid, 93 Lipophilic alkaloids, in amphibians, 18, 22, 23 Lobster chemical signaling strategies, 150 chemical signals in dominance conflicts, 156 olfactory navigation, 151 as research subject, 150 sensory sampling behavior, 152, 158 sexual selection, 156 temporospatial analysis of chemical signaling, 150-154, 158 urine dispersal, 154-158 Lovastatin, 190 Lucibufagins, 22, 31 M Major histocompatibility complex, 134-135 Malaria, 79 Mamestra brassicae, 53 Mandelonitrile, 30 Manduca sexta, 191 antenna! lobe structure/functioning for signal detection, 174-176 higher order processing of pheromonal information, 175-176 neural processing of sex-pheromonal information, 168-169 sex-pheremonal stimulus, 169-170, 172-174 sex pheromone detection, 170 sex pheromone neural pathways, 171-172 sex pheromone stimulus intermittency, 173-174 signal transduction in pheromonespecific cells, 170-171 Mantella frogs, 23-24 Marine environment, chemical signaling in, 148-150 Marine invertebrates chemical defenses, 4-6 olfactory systems, 163 poisons in, 17 Mast cell degranulation, 133 Mastigoproctus giganticus, 30 Mastophorinae spiders, 59-61 Measurement techniques brown algal pheromones, 89-90 chemical signal analysis in marine environments, 150-154 for cost-benefit analysis of defensive chemistry, 9-10 pheromone identification with electroantennogram, 105-107 7-Methylcyclooctriene, 97-98 Mevalonate, 190 Microplitis croceipes, 57 Mimicry peptidal, by FK506, 140-142, 143 predatory, 59-61 Minyobates frogs, 23 Moths, 55 parasitic wasps, 52-53, 54 predatory mimicry by spiders, 59-61 sex pheromone detection, 112, 113, 114-115, 176-177 sex pheromone production, 103, 107, 108, 109-110, 114-115 sodium sequestration, 130 See also Manduca sexta See also Utetheisa ornatrix Multifidene, 90, 91 N N-based compounds, 8-9

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From page 219...

... Index /211 NADH, 109 Neopyrochroa flabellata, 129 Nicotiana sylvestris, 191 Nitropolyzonamine, 32 Nuclear factor of activated T cells, 135 o Octopamine, 113 Olfactory system cellular organization, 165-166 evolutionary development, 162-164 giant sphinx moth sex-pheromone system, 168-177 imaging process, 167-168, 177 neurobiological functioning, 164165, 177 properties of odor stimuli, 166-167, Pheromones 168, 177 Onychophora, 163 Opioids, 188 Ouabain, 192 Overflow metabolism, 7, 8 p Parasitization absence of defensive chemistry in parasites, 4 developmental arrest induced in host larva, 68-69 immunologic response of host, 68, 71 pheromone interception by predatory arthropods, 52-54 polydnaviruses in endoparasite protection. See Campoletis sonorensis, 81 protection strategies, 77 selection pressures in, 77-78 Peptidyl praline isomerization, 137 Periplaneta americana, 107 Perithalia caudata, 91 Pharmaceuticals antiviral properties of toxic steroids, 31 biodiversity and, 197-198 combinatorial synthesis in development of, 195-196 natural sources, 11, 135, 184 new drug development process, 183-184, 191-198 opportunities for advancement, 196-197 receptor subtype sensitivity, 186187 selecting sources for screening for research, 188-191 selection of drug discovery targets, 184-188 specificity, 186 Phenolic amines, in frogs, 18 Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, 110-111 amplitude modulation, 154 ant multicomponent systems, 4647, 48-49 ant trail, 42-44 chemical eavesdropping between arthropods, 52-54, 63 definition, 52, 161 mimetic behavior, 52 in predation between arthropods, 50-51 See also Sex pheromones Philanthus triangulum, 35 Phospholipase C, 112 Phyllobates frogs, 18, 22-23, 25, 191 Phylomedusa frogs, 18 Physaelaemin, amphibian skin, 18 Phytoecdysones, 189 Picrotoxin, 174-175 Pieris brassicae, 53 Piperidines in arthropods, 33 Pitohui bird, 4, 23 Plants allelopathic compounds in, 3 biosynthesis of C~ hydrocarbons, 92-98, 101 competition for resources in allocation of secondary chemistry, 7 insect sequestration of alkaloids from, 119, 120-122

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From page 220...

... 212 / Index models of secondary metabolism, 8-9 overflow metabolism, 7, 8 predatory mimicry by, 59 screening for pharmaceutical application, 188-191 secondary metabolites in insects and, 2 sources of secondary compounds, 1 See also Defense chemistry of plants Plasmatocytes, in endoparasite-induced immunosuppression, 68 Poisons, in amphibians, 17-18,191 in animals raised in captivity, 22 batrachotoxins, 22-23, 26 bicyclic alkaloids, 24 dendrobatid alkaloids, 23-24, 25 dietary sources, 24-27 phylogenetic distribution, 18 sources of, 18-22, 26 substances unique to frogs/toads, 24, 26 tetrodotoxins, 22 tricyclic alkaloids, 24, 25 Poisons, in general, 26 definition, 3 range of, 17 Polyamines in spider venoms, 35, 38 Polydnaviruses cysteine-rich gene family, 71-75, 80, 81, 82 in endoparasite-induced developmental arrest of host larva, 68-69 in endoparasite-induced immunosuppression, 68 in endoparasitic wasp, 67, 81 evolution, 78-80 expression products in host, 70-82 general features, 69-70 overdominant selection processes in antigen recognition site codon substitutions, 74, 79-80 repeat-gene family, 76-77, 80 segmented virus genomes and, 78-79 structure, 67 venom-related gene family, 75-76 Polyzonamine, 32 Polyzonium rosalbum, 32 Predation allomone function in, 2-3 amphibian defenses, 18 ant recruitment pheromones, 43-44 arthropod semiochemical strategies, 62-63 chemical signal interception be tween arthropods, 52-54 chemical signal mimicry, 59-61 chemical signaling between arthro pods, 51-52 future research in chemical signal ing, 61-62 plant alarm signals to summon her bivore predator, 54-58 spider venoms, 34-36 Utetheisa ornatrix defense by alka loid sequestration, 120 Pregnanes, 32 Pseudoperga guerini, 36 Pseudophryne frogs, 24 Puffer fish, 22 Pumiliotoxins, 23, 25, 26 Pyrethroids, 17 Pyrrolidines in arthropods, 33 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids parental bestowment on eggs, 126 127, 129-130 sequestration by cannibalism in Utetheisa ornatrix, 128-129 sequestration by Utetheisa ornatrix for defense, 120 in Utetheisa ornatrix sexual selection, 123-126, 130 Utetheisa ornatrix sperm selection and, 127-128, 130 Pyrrolizidines in amphibians, 24, 25, 26-27 Q Quinolizidine, 24 R Rapamycin, 134,135,137,140,142, 143

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From page 221...

... Index/213 Ras farnesy~protein transferase, 188 Renin, 184 S Salamanders, 18 Salmonella, 187 Samandarines, 22, 26 Saponins, 17 Sargassum asporofolium, 91 Sargassum latifolium, 91 Sauvagine, amphibian skin, 18 Schistosoma, 79 Scolytus multistriatus, 52 Scorpions, 30 Secondary compounds in cellular signal transduction, 134 consumer selection pressure and, 7 as defensive agents, 3 evolutionary processes in models of, 10 genetic mutation as source of, 7-8 metabolic characteristics, 2 models of plant metabolism, 8-9 ontogenetic distribution, 2 patterns of allocation, 2, 6-11 plant poisons, 17 in plants, 3 primary metabolism and research on, 11 sources of, 1 taxonomic distribution, 12 Senecio isatideus, 93, 95 Serine proteases, 194-195 Serotonin in amphibian skin, 18 moth sex pheromone reactivity and, 113 Sesquiterpenes, 91, 133 Sex pheromones basic function, in insects, 105, 114-115 behavioral thresholds, 113 biosynthetic enzymes, 108-110 brown algae, 87-92, 99-101 detection mechanism in moth, 170 detection by electroantennogram, 105-107 genetic determinants of response, 113-114 higher order processing in Manduca sexta, 175-176 hormonal system in production of, 110-111 interception by predatory arthro pods, 52-53, 63 neural processing in moths, 168 177 peripheral detection, 111-112 plume structure, 112, 115 predatory mimicry, 59 production in insects, 108-111 research history, 103-105 signal transduction in Manduca sexta, 170-171 specificity, 107-108 stimulus characteristics, 172-173 stimulus intermittency, 173-174 Utetheisa ornatrix emission, 122-123 Utetheisa ornatrix sexual selection, 123-126, 130 visible, 103 Shigella flexneri, 187 Social regulation ant predation, 43-44 chemical signaling in ant societies, 41, 48 communication ritualization, 45 lobster chemical signals, 157, 158 nestmate recognition in ants, 47-48 Sodium sequestration, 130 Spider venoms, 34-36 Spodoptera exigua, 55 Stearoyl-CoA desaturase, 109 Steroids arthropod defense, 30-31 synthesis of steroidal pyrones, 31-32 Streptomyces avermitilis, 191 Streptomyces faecalis, 133 Streptomyces hygroscopicus, 135 Streptomyces tsukubaensis, 135

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Key Terms

utetheisa ornatrix

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Supplementary Images Pages 215-221

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Pages 215-221