Chemical Ecology The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction (1995) / Chapter Skim
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The Chemistry of Eavesdropping, Alarm, and Deceit
The Chemistry of Eavesdropping, Alarm, and Deceit
Pages 51-66
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From page 51... ...
F Carlin, with whom several of the concepts concerning anonymity and specificity of chemical signals have been developed in a joint paper (3)
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(1985) in Experimental Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, eds.
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Ted Turlings is leader of the Chemical and Behavioral Ecology Research Team in the Institute of Plant Sciences/Applied Entomology at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich. John Loughrin is a post-doctoral scholar in the Department of Entomology at the University of Kentucky, Lexington.
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From page 54... ...
14) first reported the attraction of a parasitic wasp, the pteromalid Tomicobia tibialis Ashmead, to volatiles produced by males of the bark beetle Ips paraconfusus (Le Conte)
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Subsequent studies support the hypothesis that wasps are able to detect sex pheromone scent which has adsorbed onto the leaf surfaces near calling female moths at night and which is still being released by the leaves the following day. Noldus et al.
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What is most surprising is the plant's reaction. In addition to passively releasing volatile chemicals from their damaged tissues, plants under attack actively produce and release volatile compounds from undamaged as well as damaged tissues.
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They found that when herbivorous spider mites feed on lima bean leaves, the plant releases a blend of volatiles that attracts predatory mites. The blend produced differs between plant species and varies depending on the species of spider mite that is attacking the plant.
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(A) Old damage: seedlings plus feeding beet armyworm caterpillars, where the caterpillars have been feeding on the seedlings overnight.
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Therefore, a substance in the caterpillar spit induces the wounded plants to begin making and releasing volatile chemicals. Moreover, choice tests in the wind tunnel revealed that artificially damaged plants with spit were as attractive to the wasps as the plants with real caterpillar damage.
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. If these phenomena are general, it may prove difficult to determine whether plants have evolved signals to attract natural enemies of the herbivores, or whether predators and parasitoids merely exploit a plant defense mechanism to find their herbivorous prey.
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From page 61... ...
However, the spiders share some similarities with the diverse orchids which mimic insect sex pheromones to lure pollinators (9, 42, 43) and with the predatory fireflies, which practice elaborate mimicry of visual sexual signals to lure their prey: heterospecific male fireflies (44~.
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From page 62... ...
It is likely that the spectrum of compounds produced by all Mastophora species includes a wider range of compounds than those found in this study. Several Mastophora species catch male moths that are known to respond to pheromone compounds in the even-carbon number aldehyde/ acetate/alcohol chemical class, as well as males of other species that are known to respond to pheromone compounds in the odd-carbon number hydrocarbon chemical class (9, 131.
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From page 63... ...
Preliminary chemical analysis suggests that adult Phoroncidia spiders produce known moth sex pheromone compounds (M.K.S. and l.H.T., unpublished data)
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501; do the wasps that eavesdrop on female moth sex pheromones have the same ratio specificity? How does this differ between specialist and generalist parasitoids?
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From page 65... ...
Some of these spiders prey exclusively on male moths. They attract the males by emitting chemicals identical to the sex pheromones emitted by female moths.
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