Simulated Voyages Using Simulation Technology to Train and License Mariners (1996) / Chapter Skim
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8 Conclusions and Recommendations
8 Conclusions and Recommendations
Pages 173-186
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From page 173... ...
to investigate the possibility of increased use of simulators in the programs under its jurisdiction. The Committee on Ship-Bridge Simulation Training found that simulation can be an effective training tool, especially in bridge team management and bridge resource management, shiphandling, docking and undocking evolutions, bridge watchkeeping, rules of the road, and emergency procedures.
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From page 174... ...
To ensure that current mariner competency levels are maintained and improved, it is important that standards for simulatorbased training courses used in licensing and remission of sea time be developed as soon as possible. Recommendation 1: Marine simulation should be used in conjunction with other training methodologies during routine training, including cadet training at the maritime academies, for the development and qualification of professional mariner knowledge and skills.
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From page 175... ...
licensing authorities should require that instructors of simulator-based training courses used for formal licensing assessment, licensing renewal, and training for required certifications (i.e., liquid natural gas carrier watchstander, offshore oil port mooring masters) be professionally competent with respect to relevant nautical expertise, the licensing process, and training methods.
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From page 176... ...
Recommendation 6: The U.S. Department of Transportation should selectively sponsor development of interactive courseware with embedded simulations that would facilitate the understanding of information and concepts that are difficult or costly to convey by conventional means.
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From page 177... ...
Recommendation 7: The U.S. Coast Guard should develop a detailed plan to restructure its marine licensing program to incorporate simulation into the program and to use simulation as a basis of other structured assessments.
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From page 178... ...
For the cadet, that time might be better used to gain the requisite bridge expertise through a formalized program that combines structured simulator-based bridge team management and watchkeeping courses with an appropriate time at sea. For license renewal without increase in grade, substituting simulator time for recent sea time can raise the standard of professional competence.
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From page 179... ...
The course should be of sufficient length and depth and include rules-of-the-road training, bridge team and bridge resource management, and passage planning. The ratio of simulator time to sea time should be determined on a course-by-course basis and should depend on the quality of the overall learning experience insofar as this learning transfers effectively to actual operations.
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From page 180... ...
Recommendation 11: Deck officers and licensed operators of oceangoing and coastwise vessels who can demonstrate recent shipboard or related experience, but who have not completed an accredited simulator-based training course, should be encouraged to complete an accredited simulator-based bridge resource or bridge team management course before their license renewal. Those seeking to renew licenses who cannot demonstrate recent shipboard experience should be required to complete such a course before returning to sea service under that license.
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From page 181... ...
RESEARCH NEEDED TO IMPROVE MARINER TRAINING, LICENSING, AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT Development of a Quantifiable Basis for Assessing Simulator Effectiveness Understanding the equivalency of simulation to real-life experience and onthe-job training is an important element in developing any comprehensive program for using simulators. Limited anecdotal evidence from the marine sector and from the commercial air carrier industry suggests that well-formed programs that combine instruction, simulation, team interaction, and debriefings can be used in a standard environment under quality-controlled conditions to develop theoretical and practical knowledge, as well as procedural and cognitive skills.
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From page 182... ...
Maritime Administration, in consultation with maritime educators, the marine industry, and the piloting profession, should sponsor a cooperative research program to establish a quantifiable basis for measuring the effectiveness of simulator-based training. The research program should: • document anecdotal reports of simulator-based training effectiveness to improve mariner performance and reduction of risk; • acquire, update, and validate existing job-task analyses to be used in the establishment of experiential education and training requirements for pro fessional development; • analyze the degradation rate of specific knowledge and skills during ac tual service and while awaiting a billet; • assess the transfer effectiveness of simulator-based training to actual op erations; • define the capabilities of full-mission, limited-task, and desktop simula tors; and • correlate the capabilities of each simulator type with job-task analyses to define the appropriate application of simulation to each job task in train ing and licensing.
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From page 183... ...
Although the contribution of this facility to operational safety of commercial vessels was a side benefit, it nevertheless filled a gap in U.S.-based training resources for the development of merchant mariners. Recommendation 19: Because there are no manned-model training facilities in the United States, and because of the usefulness of these models in familiarizing pilots and others with important aspects of shiphandling, DOT should study the feasibility of establishing or re-establishing a manned-model shiphandling training facility in the United States, to be operated on a user-fee basis.
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From page 184... ...
Standard models should be selected and tested in towing tanks and the results compared to selected full-scale real-ship trials of the same ships to provide benchmark data for validation and testing of simulators. Recommendation 22: The U.S.
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From page 185... ...
Coast Guard and the U.S. Maritime Administration should assess the options for funding simulator-based training and licensing.
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