Radiation in Medicine A Need for Regulatory Reform (1996) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
Appendix G: History of Radiation Regulation in Medicine
Appendix G: History of Radiation Regulation in Medicine
Pages 249-258
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 249... ...
Citing the deaths of radiologists, the German Roentgen Society first provided guidelines in 1913 to reduce the dangers of radiation exposure to medical workers (Taylor, 1981~. In 1915 and 1921, recommendations in Great Britain to protect x-ray operators included maximum work schedules, required amounts of leisure time, and special accommodations for the workers (British X-Ray and Radium Protection Committee, 1921~.
|
From page 250... ...
In 1927, the National Bureau of Standards began a voluntary program to inspect and calibrate radiation equipment and to send government representatives into laboratories to evaluate the safety of radiation sources, including x-ray machines. This program followed the model of a national inspection program initiated in 1921 by the National Physical Laboratory in Great Britain.
|
From page 251... ...
GOVERNMENT REGULATION Nuclear Regulatory Commission Atomic Energy Act The Hiroshima and Nagasaki explosions brought the nuclear age abruptly into worldwide consciousness. The end of World War II gave rise to a bitter dispute in the United States between military leaders and civilian officials concerning the best way to control nuclear energy and inhibit development of nuclear weapons by other countries.
|
From page 252... ...
In issuing such licenses the Commission is directed to permit the widest amount of effective medical therapy possible with the amount of special nuclear material available for such purposes, and to impose the minimum amount of regulation consistent with its obligations under this Act to promote- the common defense and security and to protect the health and safety of the public. (AEA, 1954, section 104.a)
|
From page 253... ...
These recommendations were to be limited to general standards and guidance; federal agencies retained their responsibilities for setting legally binding standards within their jurisdictions, and the NCRP retained its unofficial status as an independent voluntary agency. In proposing protection guidelines for workers and the general public, the FRC abandoned the concept of "maximum permissible dose" and substituted the term "radiation protection guide (RPG)
|
From page 254... ...
This act called for a control program over electronic product radiation to include "the development and administration of performance standards to control the emissions of electronic product radiation from electronic products, and the undertaking by public and private organizations of research and investigation into the effects and control of such emissions." As a reflection of its assistance program to states, the BRH supported establishment of the Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors (CRCPD) , which continues today as an important organization of state personnel involved in radiation control (see below)
|
From page 255... ...
Other recommendations were directed at qualifications of prescribers and specifications on radiographic techniques, fetal exposures, proper collimation, and gonadal shielding. Under its derivative FRC authority, the EPA has published guidance for federal agencies on topics such as occupational radiation exposures and limits on radiation exposure for members of the general population.
|
From page 256... ...
Although Agreement States regulate their own licensing and enforcement decisions, the NRC maintains significant authority over the states. Biennially, the NRC's Management Review Board reviews each state's performance to ensure that the state's program is adequate and that the state's requirements do not deviate significantly from those of the NRC.
|
From page 257... ...
placing a State on probationary status for serious program deficiencies that require heightened oversight; (4) temporary suspensions of an agreement and reassertion of NRC regulatory authority in an emergency if an Agreement State program experiences any immediate program difficulties preventing the State from continuing to ensure adequate protection of the public health and safety.
|
From page 258... ...
NCRP. Permissible Dose from External Sources of longing Radiation Including Maximum Permissible Exposure to Man.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.