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From page 348... ... See also Girls AIDS stigmatization, 140 coercive sex, 8, 154 condom use, 147, 150 definition of, 182 interventions, 169-173, 198-203 peer information and pressures, 183 premarital pregnancy, 116 sexual behavior, 187 Africa Region Private Enterprise Development project, 238, 239 African Medical Research Foundation, 325 Age and condom use, 126 142 asymmetric matching of sexual partners, 260 61,62,77, 113, 116 and risk of HIV infection, 5, 126 and seroprevalence, 75, 76, 77, 79-80, 81 and sexual behavior, 126 Agriculture, impact of AIDS/HIV 213, 233-234 347 AIDS care for people with, 15, 185-186, 209211, 318 database, 18 and discrimination, 187-188, 209 morbidity and mortality, 14, 69, 76, 216218 number of cases, 1, 46, 70 origin, 70 AIDS awareness asymptomatic transmission, 138 attitudes toward sufferers, 52, 140-141, 187-188 and behavior change, 9, 126, 137, 156, 228 modes of transmission, 136-137 perceptions of risk, 126, 138-140, 151, 212 and testing, 141 AIDS control programs, 49, 264 AIDS International Training Research Program, Alcohol use, and risk of HIV infection, 94, 131 Anal sex, 8, 84, 92, 134 Awareness. See AIDS awareness AZT, 14, 103, 192, 197 Read the entire page →
From page 349... ... See also Pregnancy and pregnant women premarital, 62 social contexts for, 61, 120, 183 Children blood transfusions, 97 coercive sex with, 132 definition of, 182 educational impact of AIDS, 235 mitigation strategies for, 320-321 mortality rates, 96-97, 216, 218, 219, 220, 223 neonatal effects of STDs, 90 orphans, 14, 50, 97, 183, 186, 205, 214, 216,223,318,320-321,322 seroprevalence, 71, 94 Vitamin A therapy, 192-193 Chlamydia, 12, 67, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 100, 195 Circumcision, female, 130 Circumcision, male, 69, 92, 130-131 Civil unrest and wars, 66, 79, 132 Coercive sex, 8, 65, 132, 152, 154 Commercial sex, incidence of, 122-123 Commercial sex industry/workers condom use, 142, 145, 166 definitions, 63, 110, 122 economic factors in, 68, 124-125, 131 HIV seroprevalence, 65, 71-72, 74, 75, 79-81, 168, 180, 187 HIV-2 in, 78, 80, 82 interventions targeting, 63, 165, 166, 173, 178-179, 198-201, 331 migration and, 64, 65 and risk of infection, 93, 125-126, 136, 139 sexual contacts, 62-63 sexual practices, 134 STDs, 83, 85, 86-87, 129. 145, 179 surveys of, 112 women's status and, 61, 130 Community-based interventions. Read the entire page →
From page 350... ... 47, 48, 64-66, 75, 93, 218; see also Transmission of HIV status of, 70-83, 204 behavioral data limitations, 98-100 biological factors, 69 demography of HIV infection, 4-5, 20, 76-77, 100, 216-225 geographic patterns, 1-2, 46-47, 65, 69, 79-80 soci al/behavioral research and, 100- 101 statistics on AIDS/HIV, 70-76 Ethical issues, in STD/HIV research, 101-103 Ethiopia, 171, 187-188 Evaluation of AIDS programs, 162-163 Extramarital sex, 106, 119- 122 F Families impact of AIDS on, 186, 211 -216 organization, 58-61, 107, 110 Family AIDS Education and Prevention Through Imams Project, 186 Family planning, 9, 13, 63, 142, 156, 167, 190, 220-221, 223, 225-228, 229 Fertility/infertility, 63,89,90, 113,130,183.191 Read the entire page →
From page 351... ... See Risk of HIV infections, core populations Home-based care. See Health care, AIDS treatment Homosexuality, 84, 93, 134, 254 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Read the entire page →
From page 352... ... INDEX Kenya Lesotho 351 case studies, 169-173, 178-182, 187-190 characteristics of reported programs, 198 203, 331-332 commercial sex industry, 63, 165, 166, 173, 178-179, 198-203 community-based programs, 13, 88, 163, 165-166, 198-201 contextual, 9, 53, 57-58, 150, 152, 156 157 effectiveness, 9-10, 54, 155-156, 164, 166, 172, 188-189, 221 empowerment of women, 176-178, 184 185, 194 evaluation of, 9, 10, 48, 54, 101-102, 162-163, 173, 188-189, 193-194, 242, 243 Mall gender equality promotedin, 11, 151, 176 guiding principles, 160-161 institution-based programs, 13, 163, 164- Marital status 165, 198-203 national programs, 18 need for, 2-3 population-based programs, 163, 166, Marriage 198-201 sexually active men, 166-173 sexually active women, 173-182 targeting, 76-77, 104, 160, 161, 168, 176, 185 typology of programs, 163-166, 169 Malawi K AIDS awareness, 137 HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 2, 47, 72, 73, 86-87, 88, 92, 94, 97, 103 impact of AIDS, 215, 232, 233, 236, 237, 238, 245 response to AIDS, 264 sexual behavior, 62, 108, 113, 114, 117, 125, 127, 134, 135, 143-144 STDs, 85, 86-87, 88, 89, 90-91 L AIDS awareness, 137, 138 condom use, 143-144, 146 sexual behavior, 114, 117, 126, 127, 128, 149 Liberia, sexual behavior, 115 Life expectancies, 2, 14, 15, 47, 205, 218, 220, 223, 243 Lower-risk groups. See Risk of HIV infection, core populations M HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 46~7, 65, 73, 96 impact of AIDS, 220, 229, 232, 233 prevention efforts, 192, 198-199 sexual behavior, 63, 133-134 HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 47, 82-83 sexual behavior, 115 and commercial sex, 124-125 and risk of HIV infection, 73, 81, 82-83, 127, 139 abstinence within, 117, 119 age differences in, 62 changes in social contexts, 61, 128 Levirate, 135-136 and sexual behavior, 58-59, 61-62, 108, 110, 112-113, 116-119, 121-122, 151, 181 virginity at, 107, 113, 116 Medical and program factors, 66-67 Menses, sex during, 92, 134, 135 Migration/migrants and behavioral change, 62 civil unrest and, 66 interventions targeting, 12, 195, 202-203 and risk of HIV infection, 128-129 end sexualbehavior, 117, 128-129, 134 spread of HIV, 75, 82-83 rural-urban, 64-65, 66, 68, 76 young males, 64, 76 Military, interventions targeting, 164, 200-201 Mitigation of HIV/AIDS impacts cost-effectiveness of, 206, 242-243 counseling initiatives, 247-249, 319, 331332 evaluation of interventions, 242, 243 health care, 210-211 orphan programs, 186, 320-321 providers, 16, 241-242, 244, 245-246 resource allocation to, 205-206 Read the entire page →
From page 353... ... See Children p Parenteral transmission of HIV, 82, 83, 97-98 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 88, 89 Perinatal transmission of HIV, 13-14, 71, 78, 83, 90, 94-97, 103, 190-193, 197, 205, 216, 218 INDEX Polygyny, 59-60, 62, 113, 116, 117, 122, 128, 167, 168 Population growth, 14, 221-223, 225-228, 229, 230 Population Services International, 168, 324 Population-based interventions. See Interventions Pregnancy and pregnant women adolescent premarital, 116 cesarean section, 191 and HIV counseling programs, 13-14, 191, 197 HIV infection, 72-75, 81, 91, 174 immunosuppression of, 91 and STDs, 67, 85, 89-90, 91 vaginal ravage, 191-192 Premarital sex, 62, 63, 107, 112-116 Prevention of HIV/AIDS. Read the entire page →
From page 354... ... INDEX economic conditions and, 265, 266-267 education systems and, 264-265 ethical issues in, 101-103 funding, 17, 19, 253-257, 262-263, 268 gender-specific, 175 infrastructure, 16, 265 international linkages, 17-18, 268 local resource use, 18-19, 269-270 manpower, 18, 255, 257-258, 268-269 political climate and, 19, 263-264, 270 prioritizing, 269 recommendations, 17-19, 267-270 social and behavioral, 19-20, 263-267, 321-322 validation of, 7 Research recommendations condoms, 8, 154, 196 cost-effectiveness studies, 13, 196 evaluation of interventions, 10-11, 193194 HIV incidence studies, 5, 12, 104 impacts of HIV/AIDS, 15 interventions targeting migrants and disenfranchised, 12, 195 interventions targeting women and adolescents, 10, 193 female-controlled barrier contraceptives, 13, 196 gender equality interventions, 194 mitigation of HIV/AIDS impact, 15-16, 243-244 multidisciplinary approach, 5-6 operations research, 13, 196 pregnancy-related HIV counseling programs, 13-14, 197 research capacity-building in Africa, 1719, 267-270 sexual behavior information collection, 78, 153-154 sexual networks, 152-153 STDs, 8, 12, 154, 195-196 surveillance systems for monitoring STDsMIV, 5, 103-104 vaccination, 8' 154 vaginal microbiocide, 11, 194-195 Risk of HIV infection age and, 126 core populations, 65, 71-72, 93 economic conditions and, 68 education and, 127 models/modeling, 91-94 353 perceived 126, 138-140 perinatal, 83, 94 residence, and, 71, 127-128 sex-related, 83-84, 125-131 structural adjustment programs and, 68 by type of STD, 86-88, 92 Roads, major, as corridors for HIV, 65-66, 75 Rwanda AIDS awareness, 138, 139-140 HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 50, 71, 83, 92, 94, 138, 223 impact of AIDS, 207, 233 234 mitigation initiatives, 210 prevention efforts, 164, 165, 198-201 sexual behavior, 108, 115, 121-122, 125 S Sahel region, 135 Scarification, cosmetic, 98 Senegal HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 78, 80, 81, 82 sexual behavior, 112 Seroprevalence age and, 75, 76, 79-80, 81 blood donors, 97 commercial sex workers, 65, 71-72, 74, 75, 79-81, 168, 187 heterogeneity in, 4-5, 71, 75-76 and mortality rates, 223-225 pregnant women, 72-75, 81, 174 surveillance systems, 71, 103-104 trends, 14, 70-71 urban-rural differentials, 71, 73, 79, 223 young males, 2, 45 WHO estimates, 1, 69, 70-71 Sex education, 190 Sex ratios, 64-65, 128 Sexual behavior in sub-Saharan Africa. See also individual behaviors AIDS awareness and, 136- 141 assumptions about, 59 beliefs and practices, 7-8, 99, 131 - 136, 151-152, 153, 183 change in, 148-151 coital frequency, 92, 111, 112, 118 condoms and, 141-148 data collection methods, 7, 106-112 implications of, 151-152 information on, 98- 100, 106, 153- 154 Read the entire page →
From page 355... ... 84-86 179 reporting of, 67 research recommendations, 12 rural-urban migration and, 64, 65 socioeconomic implications, 90 synergy of HIV and, 85-88, 195 INDEX Sierra Leone, 214-215 Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) , 78 Social and behavioral research education system and' 264-265 environment for, 263-267 epidemiological research combined with, 100-101, 104 initiatives in Africa, 321-322, 327-328, 332 limitations of existing data, 98-100 need for, 19-20, 50-51, 98-100 South Africa HIV prevalence, 65 impact of AIDS, 213-214 mitigation of AIDS, 210-211 sexual behavior, 65, 109, 116, 133, 134 Stigmatization, 8, 64, 67, 84, 140-141, 208 209 Sudan, 130, 134, 266 Surveys. Read the entire page →
From page 356... ... See also Coercive sex; Dry sex Trichomonas vaginalis, 85, 90, 195-196 Trichomoniasis, 12, 84, 85, 87, 101, 178 Truck drivers, 65, 164-165, 200-201, 325 U Uganda AIDS awareness, 140, 141, 150 condom use, 148 HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 2, 45, 46-47, 48, 50, 65-66, 71, 73, 76, 77, 85, 93, 94, 96, 103, 168, 183, 216, 221 n.4 impact of AIDS, 206, 207, 213, 215, 217, 225, 233, 234 mitigation initiatives, 210, 211 prevention efforts, 165, 166, 186, 190, 200-201, 223 research capacity, 254, 257, 258, 261, 266 sexual behavior, 62, 93, 108, 109, 120, 127, 131, 133, 134, 136, 150 STDs, 85, 89 United Nations Children's Fund, 49, 318, 322, 329 United Nations Development Program 49 United Nations Programme on AIDS, 3, 19, 270 Urbanization, 64, 128 Ureaplasma urealyticum, 90 U.S. Agency for International Development, 318, 324, 325, 328, 329 355 V Vaccination, HIV, 2, 8, 45-46, 51, 94, 139, 154, 267 Vaginal microbiocide, l l, 174, 194-195 Vas deferens occlusion, 89 Virginity, 107, 113, 116, 126 Vitamin A therapy, 192-193, 197 W West Africa. Read the entire page →

From page 348...

... See also Girls AIDS stigmatization, 140 coercive sex, 8, 154 condom use, 147, 150 definition of, 182 interventions, 169-173, 198-203 peer information and pressures, 183 premarital pregnancy, 116 sexual behavior, 187 Africa Region Private Enterprise Development project, 238, 239 African Medical Research Foundation, 325 Age and condom use, 126 142 asymmetric matching of sexual partners, 260 61,62,77, 113, 116 and risk of HIV infection, 5, 126 and seroprevalence, 75, 76, 77, 79-80, 81 and sexual behavior, 126 Agriculture, impact of AIDS/HIV 213, 233-234 347 AIDS care for people with, 15, 185-186, 209211, 318 database, 18 and discrimination, 187-188, 209 morbidity and mortality, 14, 69, 76, 216218 number of cases, 1, 46, 70 origin, 70 AIDS awareness asymptomatic transmission, 138 attitudes toward sufferers, 52, 140-141, 187-188 and behavior change, 9, 126, 137, 156, 228 modes of transmission, 136-137 perceptions of risk, 126, 138-140, 151, 212 and testing, 141 AIDS control programs, 49, 264 AIDS International Training Research Program, Alcohol use, and risk of HIV infection, 94, 131 Anal sex, 8, 84, 92, 134 Awareness. See AIDS awareness AZT, 14, 103, 192, 197

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From page 349...

... See also Pregnancy and pregnant women premarital, 62 social contexts for, 61, 120, 183 Children blood transfusions, 97 coercive sex with, 132 definition of, 182 educational impact of AIDS, 235 mitigation strategies for, 320-321 mortality rates, 96-97, 216, 218, 219, 220, 223 neonatal effects of STDs, 90 orphans, 14, 50, 97, 183, 186, 205, 214, 216,223,318,320-321,322 seroprevalence, 71, 94 Vitamin A therapy, 192-193 Chlamydia, 12, 67, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 100, 195 Circumcision, female, 130 Circumcision, male, 69, 92, 130-131 Civil unrest and wars, 66, 79, 132 Coercive sex, 8, 65, 132, 152, 154 Commercial sex, incidence of, 122-123 Commercial sex industry/workers condom use, 142, 145, 166 definitions, 63, 110, 122 economic factors in, 68, 124-125, 131 HIV seroprevalence, 65, 71-72, 74, 75, 79-81, 168, 180, 187 HIV-2 in, 78, 80, 82 interventions targeting, 63, 165, 166, 173, 178-179, 198-201, 331 migration and, 64, 65 and risk of infection, 93, 125-126, 136, 139 sexual contacts, 62-63 sexual practices, 134 STDs, 83, 85, 86-87, 129. 145, 179 surveys of, 112 women's status and, 61, 130 Community-based interventions.

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From page 350...

... 47, 48, 64-66, 75, 93, 218; see also Transmission of HIV status of, 70-83, 204 behavioral data limitations, 98-100 biological factors, 69 demography of HIV infection, 4-5, 20, 76-77, 100, 216-225 geographic patterns, 1-2, 46-47, 65, 69, 79-80 soci al/behavioral research and, 100- 101 statistics on AIDS/HIV, 70-76 Ethical issues, in STD/HIV research, 101-103 Ethiopia, 171, 187-188 Evaluation of AIDS programs, 162-163 Extramarital sex, 106, 119- 122 F Families impact of AIDS on, 186, 211 -216 organization, 58-61, 107, 110 Family AIDS Education and Prevention Through Imams Project, 186 Family planning, 9, 13, 63, 142, 156, 167, 190, 220-221, 223, 225-228, 229 Fertility/infertility, 63,89,90, 113,130,183.191

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From page 351...

... See Risk of HIV infections, core populations Home-based care. See Health care, AIDS treatment Homosexuality, 84, 93, 134, 254 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

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From page 352...

... INDEX Kenya Lesotho 351 case studies, 169-173, 178-182, 187-190 characteristics of reported programs, 198 203, 331-332 commercial sex industry, 63, 165, 166, 173, 178-179, 198-203 community-based programs, 13, 88, 163, 165-166, 198-201 contextual, 9, 53, 57-58, 150, 152, 156 157 effectiveness, 9-10, 54, 155-156, 164, 166, 172, 188-189, 221 empowerment of women, 176-178, 184 185, 194 evaluation of, 9, 10, 48, 54, 101-102, 162-163, 173, 188-189, 193-194, 242, 243 Mall gender equality promotedin, 11, 151, 176 guiding principles, 160-161 institution-based programs, 13, 163, 164- Marital status 165, 198-203 national programs, 18 need for, 2-3 population-based programs, 163, 166, Marriage 198-201 sexually active men, 166-173 sexually active women, 173-182 targeting, 76-77, 104, 160, 161, 168, 176, 185 typology of programs, 163-166, 169 Malawi K AIDS awareness, 137 HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 2, 47, 72, 73, 86-87, 88, 92, 94, 97, 103 impact of AIDS, 215, 232, 233, 236, 237, 238, 245 response to AIDS, 264 sexual behavior, 62, 108, 113, 114, 117, 125, 127, 134, 135, 143-144 STDs, 85, 86-87, 88, 89, 90-91 L AIDS awareness, 137, 138 condom use, 143-144, 146 sexual behavior, 114, 117, 126, 127, 128, 149 Liberia, sexual behavior, 115 Life expectancies, 2, 14, 15, 47, 205, 218, 220, 223, 243 Lower-risk groups. See Risk of HIV infection, core populations M HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 46~7, 65, 73, 96 impact of AIDS, 220, 229, 232, 233 prevention efforts, 192, 198-199 sexual behavior, 63, 133-134 HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 47, 82-83 sexual behavior, 115 and commercial sex, 124-125 and risk of HIV infection, 73, 81, 82-83, 127, 139 abstinence within, 117, 119 age differences in, 62 changes in social contexts, 61, 128 Levirate, 135-136 and sexual behavior, 58-59, 61-62, 108, 110, 112-113, 116-119, 121-122, 151, 181 virginity at, 107, 113, 116 Medical and program factors, 66-67 Menses, sex during, 92, 134, 135 Migration/migrants and behavioral change, 62 civil unrest and, 66 interventions targeting, 12, 195, 202-203 and risk of HIV infection, 128-129 end sexualbehavior, 117, 128-129, 134 spread of HIV, 75, 82-83 rural-urban, 64-65, 66, 68, 76 young males, 64, 76 Military, interventions targeting, 164, 200-201 Mitigation of HIV/AIDS impacts cost-effectiveness of, 206, 242-243 counseling initiatives, 247-249, 319, 331332 evaluation of interventions, 242, 243 health care, 210-211 orphan programs, 186, 320-321 providers, 16, 241-242, 244, 245-246 resource allocation to, 205-206

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From page 353...

... See Children p Parenteral transmission of HIV, 82, 83, 97-98 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 88, 89 Perinatal transmission of HIV, 13-14, 71, 78, 83, 90, 94-97, 103, 190-193, 197, 205, 216, 218 INDEX Polygyny, 59-60, 62, 113, 116, 117, 122, 128, 167, 168 Population growth, 14, 221-223, 225-228, 229, 230 Population Services International, 168, 324 Population-based interventions. See Interventions Pregnancy and pregnant women adolescent premarital, 116 cesarean section, 191 and HIV counseling programs, 13-14, 191, 197 HIV infection, 72-75, 81, 91, 174 immunosuppression of, 91 and STDs, 67, 85, 89-90, 91 vaginal ravage, 191-192 Premarital sex, 62, 63, 107, 112-116 Prevention of HIV/AIDS.

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From page 354...

... INDEX economic conditions and, 265, 266-267 education systems and, 264-265 ethical issues in, 101-103 funding, 17, 19, 253-257, 262-263, 268 gender-specific, 175 infrastructure, 16, 265 international linkages, 17-18, 268 local resource use, 18-19, 269-270 manpower, 18, 255, 257-258, 268-269 political climate and, 19, 263-264, 270 prioritizing, 269 recommendations, 17-19, 267-270 social and behavioral, 19-20, 263-267, 321-322 validation of, 7 Research recommendations condoms, 8, 154, 196 cost-effectiveness studies, 13, 196 evaluation of interventions, 10-11, 193194 HIV incidence studies, 5, 12, 104 impacts of HIV/AIDS, 15 interventions targeting migrants and disenfranchised, 12, 195 interventions targeting women and adolescents, 10, 193 female-controlled barrier contraceptives, 13, 196 gender equality interventions, 194 mitigation of HIV/AIDS impact, 15-16, 243-244 multidisciplinary approach, 5-6 operations research, 13, 196 pregnancy-related HIV counseling programs, 13-14, 197 research capacity-building in Africa, 1719, 267-270 sexual behavior information collection, 78, 153-154 sexual networks, 152-153 STDs, 8, 12, 154, 195-196 surveillance systems for monitoring STDsMIV, 5, 103-104 vaccination, 8' 154 vaginal microbiocide, 11, 194-195 Risk of HIV infection age and, 126 core populations, 65, 71-72, 93 economic conditions and, 68 education and, 127 models/modeling, 91-94 353 perceived 126, 138-140 perinatal, 83, 94 residence, and, 71, 127-128 sex-related, 83-84, 125-131 structural adjustment programs and, 68 by type of STD, 86-88, 92 Roads, major, as corridors for HIV, 65-66, 75 Rwanda AIDS awareness, 138, 139-140 HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 50, 71, 83, 92, 94, 138, 223 impact of AIDS, 207, 233 234 mitigation initiatives, 210 prevention efforts, 164, 165, 198-201 sexual behavior, 108, 115, 121-122, 125 S Sahel region, 135 Scarification, cosmetic, 98 Senegal HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 78, 80, 81, 82 sexual behavior, 112 Seroprevalence age and, 75, 76, 79-80, 81 blood donors, 97 commercial sex workers, 65, 71-72, 74, 75, 79-81, 168, 187 heterogeneity in, 4-5, 71, 75-76 and mortality rates, 223-225 pregnant women, 72-75, 81, 174 surveillance systems, 71, 103-104 trends, 14, 70-71 urban-rural differentials, 71, 73, 79, 223 young males, 2, 45 WHO estimates, 1, 69, 70-71 Sex education, 190 Sex ratios, 64-65, 128 Sexual behavior in sub-Saharan Africa. See also individual behaviors AIDS awareness and, 136- 141 assumptions about, 59 beliefs and practices, 7-8, 99, 131 - 136, 151-152, 153, 183 change in, 148-151 coital frequency, 92, 111, 112, 118 condoms and, 141-148 data collection methods, 7, 106-112 implications of, 151-152 information on, 98- 100, 106, 153- 154

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From page 355...

... 84-86 179 reporting of, 67 research recommendations, 12 rural-urban migration and, 64, 65 socioeconomic implications, 90 synergy of HIV and, 85-88, 195 INDEX Sierra Leone, 214-215 Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) , 78 Social and behavioral research education system and' 264-265 environment for, 263-267 epidemiological research combined with, 100-101, 104 initiatives in Africa, 321-322, 327-328, 332 limitations of existing data, 98-100 need for, 19-20, 50-51, 98-100 South Africa HIV prevalence, 65 impact of AIDS, 213-214 mitigation of AIDS, 210-211 sexual behavior, 65, 109, 116, 133, 134 Stigmatization, 8, 64, 67, 84, 140-141, 208 209 Sudan, 130, 134, 266 Surveys.

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From page 356...

... See also Coercive sex; Dry sex Trichomonas vaginalis, 85, 90, 195-196 Trichomoniasis, 12, 84, 85, 87, 101, 178 Truck drivers, 65, 164-165, 200-201, 325 U Uganda AIDS awareness, 140, 141, 150 condom use, 148 HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 2, 45, 46-47, 48, 50, 65-66, 71, 73, 76, 77, 85, 93, 94, 96, 103, 168, 183, 216, 221 n.4 impact of AIDS, 206, 207, 213, 215, 217, 225, 233, 234 mitigation initiatives, 210, 211 prevention efforts, 165, 166, 186, 190, 200-201, 223 research capacity, 254, 257, 258, 261, 266 sexual behavior, 62, 93, 108, 109, 120, 127, 131, 133, 134, 136, 150 STDs, 85, 89 United Nations Children's Fund, 49, 318, 322, 329 United Nations Development Program 49 United Nations Programme on AIDS, 3, 19, 270 Urbanization, 64, 128 Ureaplasma urealyticum, 90 U.S. Agency for International Development, 318, 324, 325, 328, 329 355 V Vaccination, HIV, 2, 8, 45-46, 51, 94, 139, 154, 267 Vaginal microbiocide, l l, 174, 194-195 Vas deferens occlusion, 89 Virginity, 107, 113, 116, 126 Vitamin A therapy, 192-193, 197 W West Africa.

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INDEX Pages 347-356

INDEX
Pages 347-356