Safe Water From Every Tap Improving Water Service to Small Communities (1997) / Chapter Skim
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1: Small Water Supply Systems: An Unsolved Problem
1: Small Water Supply Systems: An Unsolved Problem
Pages 12-23
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. Waterborne disease outbreaks still occur in the United States, providing a reminder that contaminated drinking water continues to pose health risks even in highly developed nations.
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INCREASING NUMBER OF SMALL SYSTEMS For the purposes of this report, a public water system is considered small if it serves 10,000 or fewer people, although systems serving fewer than 500 people face the biggest challenges in providing adequate water service. The EPA divides public water systems into three categories: community water systems, which serve the same population all year; nontransient noncommunity water systems such as schools, factories, and hospitals with their own water supplies; and transient noncommunity water systems such as campgrounds, motels, and gas stations with their own water supplies (see Box 1-1 for the formal definitions)
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• Transient noncommunity water systems provide drinking water to transitory populations in nonresidential areas. Examples are campgrounds, motels, and gas stations that have their own water supplies.
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The type of consolidation that occurred in England and Wales after World War II has never occurred in the United States. INCREASING NUMBER OF WATER SUPPLY REGULATIONS As shown in Figure 1-1, the number of drinking water contaminants regulated by the federal government has increased dramatically in the past decade, increasing the complexity for both small and large systems of providing water that meets all applicable regulations.
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Public Health Service standards. Three years later, studies revealed the presence of trace quantities of contaminants in the lower Mississippi River, the source of drinking water for New Orleans (EPA, 1976)
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. The survey results led to concern that the existing SDWA standards were insufficient to protect public health from synthetic organic chemicals in drinking water (Congressional Research Service, 1993)
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methods, to seek additional sources of funding such as state aid, or to develop a plan for otherwise serving the affected population after any existing inadequate system is closed" (Congressional Research Service, 1982)
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Assuming an equal distribution of the approximately 190,000 public water systems in the country, the average field person would be responsible for overseeing the water supply systems of more than 165 communities, both large and small. Funding for implementation of state drinking water programs historically has been limited (and is the reason for the shortage of personnel)
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Nickel Ethylbenzene Oxamyl (vydate) Surface water treatment Ethylene dibromide (EDB)
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Regulations for surface water treatment were issued in 1989. Radionuclide regulations were issued in 1993.
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1989. State Costs of Implementing the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments: Results and Implications of the 1988 Association of State Drinking Water Administrators Sur vey of State Primacy Program Resource Needs.
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Public Health Service Publication No.
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