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From page 285... ... INDEX 285 Index A Black Rock Harbor, 56 Boston Harbor, 54, 69, 134, 227–229 Abyssal plain, 136–137 Acceptable risk, 3, 22 Accountability, 8, 25, 63, 169 C Acid leaching, 121, 127 Cadmium, 25 Acoustic profiling, 9, 73–74, 77, 107, 170 Capping, in-place Arbitration, 54 advantages, 95, 163–164 Atmospheric fallout, 15 conditions for, 10–11 contained aquatic disposal and, 134 costs, 95 B current understanding, 94 Bayou Bonfouca, 106, 108, 109, 111, 116 current utilization, 94 Benchmark values, 22 definition, 94 Beneficial uses of sediments, 7–8, 50, 56– design, 130, 164 59, 61, 118, 171–172 effectiveness, 145 Bioremediation goals, 94 costs, 104 indications for, 94–95 current understanding, 102–103 as interim control, 90 ex situ, 12, 127–130, 132, 166–167 limitations of, 95 experience with, 100–102, 103 materials for, 94 recommendations, 164–165, 166–167 monitoring, 95, 97 research needs, 130, 165 opportunities for technical in situ, 11, 100–104 improvement, 97 Biosensors, 74–75 recommendations, 164 Bioslurry reactors, 127 regulations, 11, 95, 97, 164, 190 Bioturbation, 66 strategies for augmenting, 95–97 285 Read the entire page →
From page 286... ... , 5, 8, 18, 25, 182 contained aquatic disposal guidelines, evaluation methodology, 5–6 134–136 interrelationship with other laws, 214– cost-benefit analysis in, 40–41, 252– 220 253 local/state regulations and, 209–211 decision making framework, 30–32 practicability concept, 47 n.3 dispute resolution policy, 55 risk assessment, 47, 156 dredged material evaluations, 48 sediment placement requirements, 48, dredged material management plans, 52 49 n.5, 187 dredging permits, 184–185 sediment-relevant provisions, 192–196 local/state regulations and, 210–211, 213 source control provisions, 63–64 recommendations for, 161, 167–168, Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) , 171, 172 5, 57, 182, 211–212 WRDA provisions, 199–200, 201–202, Collaborative problem-solving, 54 204–208 Composting, 129 Cost-benefit analysis Comprehensive Environmental Response, constrained port capacity in calculations Cleanup, and Liability Act. Read the entire page →
From page 287... ... See Coastal Zone Management sediment management, 154 Act obstacles to, 25–26 Read the entire page →
From page 288... ... 288 INDEX obstacles to effectiveness in, 154–155 core sample evaluations, 72 opportunities for improvement, 155 erodibility of sediments, 66–67 phases of stakeholder involvement, 53 evaluation of site dynamics, 70–71 political context, 7 field surveys, 71–73 project-specific considerations, 45, 62 fine-grained sediments, 65, 120 recommendations for improving, 155– fluff layer, 65 161 interim control of, 89–91 regulatory system influence, 6–7, 155– mobility of sediment layers, 66 156 nonlinear behavior, 65 risk communication for, 56 numerical modeling of processes, 75– selection of interim controls, 87–88 76 significance of regulatory framework, 45 organic matter degradation and, 66 significance of stakeholder interests, 45 particle aggregation, 65 site sampling design, 72 retention sites, 71 stakeholder interests, 7–8 sediment-water interface, 65, 66 technology assessment for, 45–46, 84 site characterization, 64–67, 69 timeliness of, 5, 48–50 site sampling, design of, 72 tools for, 2–4, 35, 257 understanding of marine environments, trade-offs in, 13, 34–35, 37, 147 80, 92 value-driven factors, 45 Dredged material management plans, 52 Detroit River, 73 Dredging, environmental Dioxin, 23 cable arm clamshell dredge, 108, 114 in Newark Bay, 25 for contained aquatic disposal, 136 Discharged sediments, 16 n.2 contaminant release in, 109–111 Disposal of sediments contract bidding process, 104, 116 in abyssal plain, 136–137 cost, 105, 140 beneficial uses, 7–8, 50, 56–59, 61, digital system, 114–115 118, 171–172 dry excavation for, 113 in confined disposal facilities, 130–134 equipment for, 105–106 contained aquatic disposal, 134–137 pneumatic barrier for, 113 cost of, 6–7 precision in, 107–109, 165 inadequate risk analysis in decision recent innovations, 113–116 making, 156–157 recommendations, 165 inconsistent regulatory system, 6–7, for removal of contaminated sediments, 46–48 104–105 in landfills, 132, 137 research needs, 141 permitting process, 6, 47–48 silt curtains for, 112 regulatory system, 25, 185–187 site assessment, 106, 107 safety guarantees, 59 site isolation for, 112 shortage of placement space, 51–52 systems approach, 105 terminology, 16 n.2 See also Dredging, navigational; Dispute resolution, 55, 259–260 Dredging technology Distribution of contaminants (aquatic Dredging, navigational process) , 1, 33, 64–67 applicable legislation, 18 bioturbation, 66 channel maintenance, 21 contaminant resuspension in dredging, cost, 10, 20, 105 109–111 cost allocation, 50–51, 63 Read the entire page →
From page 289... ... , 81 permitting, 49 decision making framework, 30–32 new construction, 21, 50 n.6 dispute resolution policy, 55 regulatory system, 5, 184–187 dredged material evaluations, 48 sediment traps in, 90–91 dredging permits, 185–186 source control strategies, 63 recommendations for, 161, 167–168, as source of contaminated sediment, 19 172 trade-offs in decision making, 34–35 responsibilities, 18 volume of sediments removed, 20, 21, risk assessment paradigm, 36 n.2 187 sediment quality criteria, 64 See also Dredging, environmental; survey of sediment quality, 204–204 Dredging technology EPA. See Environmental Protection Dredging technology Agency backhoe dredges, 106 Evaluation of technologies bottom-crawling systems, 108, 114 comparative, 12–13, 142–147 cable arm clamshell, 108, 114 cost-effectiveness, 140–141 depth of cut control, 108–109 methodology for, 84 digital system, 114–115 performance monitoring, 137–141 hopper dredges, 105–106, 111 research needs for, 141–142 hydraulic equipment, 105, 111 Ex situ management, 84 mechanical equipment, 105, 111 biological treatment, 127–130, 166–167 positioning systems, 107–108 chemical immobilization, 123 precision technologies, 11, 107–109, chemical separation, 121–123 140, 165 comparative analysis of remediation See also Dredging, environmental; technologies, 12–13, 146–147 Dredging, navigational confined disposal facilities, 130–134, Duwamish Waterway, 134 165 contained aquatic disposal, 134–137, 166 E containment strategies, 130, 147 Ecosystem functioning, 15–16 cost, 116, 140 End-points, 22, 36, 82 cost of biological treatment, 127 Endangered Species Act, 182 cost of chemical immobilization, 123 Energy, U.S. Read the entire page →
From page 290... ... 290 INDEX goals, 116 Hudson River, 89, 103, 196 indications for, 116 Hydrocyclones, 120 interim storage facilities, 116–117 landfill disposal, 137 I long-term monitoring, 139 operations in, 117–118 Implementation physical separation technologies, 117, delays in, 25–26 118–121 recommendations, 168–172 recommendations, 165–167 stakeholder interests, 7–8 research needs, 141, 166, 167 In situ management solids-water separation, 118 biodegradation, 11, 164–165 thermal desorption technologies, 123 biological treatment, 100–104 thermal destruction, 123–125 chemical immobilization, 97–99 chemical sensors for, 74–75 chemical treatment, 11, 99–100, 164 F comparative analysis of technologies, Fiber-optic sensors, 74–75 12–13, 145–146 Fish/shellfish industries cost, 140 interim controls on, 88–89 disadvantages, 10, 163 threat of contaminated sediments, 15– freezing, 100 16 goals, 91 Fluff layer, 65 long-term monitoring, 139 Foreign trade natural recovery, 91–92, 94, 163 significance of, in national economy, recommendations, 163 21–22 research needs, 141 waterborne volume, 21 treatment strategies, 97 Freezing, soil-water, 100 types of, 91 utilization, 91 See also Capping, in-place G Incineration, 118, 123–125, 139 Indiana Harbor, 115 Geological Survey, U.S., 70 Inland waterways, sediment disposal in, Geotextile containers, 136 25 Global positioning system, 107 Innovation Great Lakes, 81, 196 in dredging technologies, 114–116 impediments to, 28 H recommendations for research and development, 167–168 Hamburg, Germany, 120 research and development process for, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund, 21 141–142 Hart and Miller islands, 54, 56, 229–231 in site assessment, 73–75 Health advisory, 88–89 Interim controls, 9, 33, 82 Heavy metals. See Metals/heavy metals administrative, 88–89, 145 Hot spots, 11, 15, 28 comparative analysis of technology interim technological intervention, 90 categories, 12–13, 145 regulatory provisions, 191 compatibility with long-term strategy, Housatonic River, 103 88 Read the entire page →
From page 291... ... See also specific type of strategy understanding of marine environments, J 80–81 James River, 88, 91, 145, 231–233 Manistique Harbor, 90, 115, 120 Manitowoc Harbor, 99 Marathon Battery, 69, 123, 233–234 L Marine Protection, Research and Lake Hartwell, 91 Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) , 5–6 Land placement, 25, 118 disposal requirements, 46–47, 48, 185, advantages/disadvantages, 137 186 for aerobic degradation, 127 risk assessment, 155–156 cost allocation, 50 Maritime Administration, 49 cost of disposal in, 132 Mediation, 54 regulation, 185 Mercury, 25 sediment handling for, 137 Metals/heavy metals, 56, 57 Laser positioning systems, 107–108 chemical immobilization, 123 London Convention of 1972, 47, 94 chemical separation, 121, 127 Long Island Sound, 196 thermal destruction, 125 Long-term considerations Mitigation, off-site, 59–60 chemical contaminants, 23 MPRSA. Read the entire page →
From page 292... ... , 23, 112, 123 88–89, 99, 100, 103–104, 111, 112, New York, Port of, 49 120, 123, 125, 127–129, 196, 254, Newark Bay, 25 263, 268 Nucleophilic substitution, 125–127 Post-project evaluations, 82, 139 Numerical modeling, 75–76 Practicability, 47 n.3 of sediment resuspension in dredging, Public awareness/perception 110 of aquatic processes, 26–27 citizen stakeholders, 52–53 effectiveness of health advisories, 89 O Pyrolysis, 125 Ocean dumping in abyssal plain, 136–137 international agreements, 47 Q regulatory system, 25, 185, 186–187, Quantity of contaminated sediments, 1 199 Ocean Dumping Act. See Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries R Act RCRA. Read the entire page →
From page 293... ... , 5, 18 191 sediment placement requirements, 48 source control through, 63–64 Risk analysis state programs, 208–214 activities of, 3, 35 timeliness of decision making in, 48–50 current application, 3, 35 water resource public works projects, expanded application, 3 197 opportunities for improvement, 36, 42 See also Permitting process recommended utilization, 159 Remediation Risk assessment comparative analysis of technology cost-benefit analysis and, 36–37 categories, 12–13, 142–147 current application, 3, 35 conceptual management approach, 84 EPA paradigm, 36 n.2 conceptual model, 82 goals, 3, 22, 35 cost-effectiveness analysis, 140 in management strategy planning, 33 Read the entire page →
From page 294... ... See Chemical consensus building, 54–55, 60–61, 158, separation; Particle separation 161 Sewage sludge, 57 consideration of, in project planning, Sheboygan River, 127–129, 132 32 Silt curtains, 112 fragmented regulatory system and, 25– Site assessment 26 acoustic profiling for, 9, 73–74, 77 off-site mitigation to satisfy, 59–60 aquatic dynamics, 70–71 phases of involvement, 53 chemical sensors for, 9, 74–75, 77 range of, 52–53 Read the entire page →
From page 295... ... See Water Resources Tacoma, Port of, 49, 53, 54, 56, 57, 234– Development Act of 1986 236 Temporary interventions. See Interim Z controls Thermal desorption, 12, 123 Zeebrugge Harbor, 127 Thermal destruction, 123–125, 146 Zero risk, 59 Times Beach, New York, 56–57 Total maximum daily loads, 64, 77, 192– 193 Read the entire page →

From page 285...

... INDEX 285 Index A Black Rock Harbor, 56 Boston Harbor, 54, 69, 134, 227–229 Abyssal plain, 136–137 Acceptable risk, 3, 22 Accountability, 8, 25, 63, 169 C Acid leaching, 121, 127 Cadmium, 25 Acoustic profiling, 9, 73–74, 77, 107, 170 Capping, in-place Arbitration, 54 advantages, 95, 163–164 Atmospheric fallout, 15 conditions for, 10–11 contained aquatic disposal and, 134 costs, 95 B current understanding, 94 Bayou Bonfouca, 106, 108, 109, 111, 116 current utilization, 94 Benchmark values, 22 definition, 94 Beneficial uses of sediments, 7–8, 50, 56– design, 130, 164 59, 61, 118, 171–172 effectiveness, 145 Bioremediation goals, 94 costs, 104 indications for, 94–95 current understanding, 102–103 as interim control, 90 ex situ, 12, 127–130, 132, 166–167 limitations of, 95 experience with, 100–102, 103 materials for, 94 recommendations, 164–165, 166–167 monitoring, 95, 97 research needs, 130, 165 opportunities for technical in situ, 11, 100–104 improvement, 97 Biosensors, 74–75 recommendations, 164 Bioslurry reactors, 127 regulations, 11, 95, 97, 164, 190 Bioturbation, 66 strategies for augmenting, 95–97 285

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From page 286...

... , 5, 8, 18, 25, 182 contained aquatic disposal guidelines, evaluation methodology, 5–6 134–136 interrelationship with other laws, 214– cost-benefit analysis in, 40–41, 252– 220 253 local/state regulations and, 209–211 decision making framework, 30–32 practicability concept, 47 n.3 dispute resolution policy, 55 risk assessment, 47, 156 dredged material evaluations, 48 sediment placement requirements, 48, dredged material management plans, 52 49 n.5, 187 dredging permits, 184–185 sediment-relevant provisions, 192–196 local/state regulations and, 210–211, 213 source control provisions, 63–64 recommendations for, 161, 167–168, Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) , 171, 172 5, 57, 182, 211–212 WRDA provisions, 199–200, 201–202, Collaborative problem-solving, 54 204–208 Composting, 129 Cost-benefit analysis Comprehensive Environmental Response, constrained port capacity in calculations Cleanup, and Liability Act.

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From page 287...

... See Coastal Zone Management sediment management, 154 Act obstacles to, 25–26

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From page 288...

... 288 INDEX obstacles to effectiveness in, 154–155 core sample evaluations, 72 opportunities for improvement, 155 erodibility of sediments, 66–67 phases of stakeholder involvement, 53 evaluation of site dynamics, 70–71 political context, 7 field surveys, 71–73 project-specific considerations, 45, 62 fine-grained sediments, 65, 120 recommendations for improving, 155– fluff layer, 65 161 interim control of, 89–91 regulatory system influence, 6–7, 155– mobility of sediment layers, 66 156 nonlinear behavior, 65 risk communication for, 56 numerical modeling of processes, 75– selection of interim controls, 87–88 76 significance of regulatory framework, 45 organic matter degradation and, 66 significance of stakeholder interests, 45 particle aggregation, 65 site sampling design, 72 retention sites, 71 stakeholder interests, 7–8 sediment-water interface, 65, 66 technology assessment for, 45–46, 84 site characterization, 64–67, 69 timeliness of, 5, 48–50 site sampling, design of, 72 tools for, 2–4, 35, 257 understanding of marine environments, trade-offs in, 13, 34–35, 37, 147 80, 92 value-driven factors, 45 Dredged material management plans, 52 Detroit River, 73 Dredging, environmental Dioxin, 23 cable arm clamshell dredge, 108, 114 in Newark Bay, 25 for contained aquatic disposal, 136 Discharged sediments, 16 n.2 contaminant release in, 109–111 Disposal of sediments contract bidding process, 104, 116 in abyssal plain, 136–137 cost, 105, 140 beneficial uses, 7–8, 50, 56–59, 61, digital system, 114–115 118, 171–172 dry excavation for, 113 in confined disposal facilities, 130–134 equipment for, 105–106 contained aquatic disposal, 134–137 pneumatic barrier for, 113 cost of, 6–7 precision in, 107–109, 165 inadequate risk analysis in decision recent innovations, 113–116 making, 156–157 recommendations, 165 inconsistent regulatory system, 6–7, for removal of contaminated sediments, 46–48 104–105 in landfills, 132, 137 research needs, 141 permitting process, 6, 47–48 silt curtains for, 112 regulatory system, 25, 185–187 site assessment, 106, 107 safety guarantees, 59 site isolation for, 112 shortage of placement space, 51–52 systems approach, 105 terminology, 16 n.2 See also Dredging, navigational; Dispute resolution, 55, 259–260 Dredging technology Distribution of contaminants (aquatic Dredging, navigational process) , 1, 33, 64–67 applicable legislation, 18 bioturbation, 66 channel maintenance, 21 contaminant resuspension in dredging, cost, 10, 20, 105 109–111 cost allocation, 50–51, 63

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From page 289...

... , 81 permitting, 49 decision making framework, 30–32 new construction, 21, 50 n.6 dispute resolution policy, 55 regulatory system, 5, 184–187 dredged material evaluations, 48 sediment traps in, 90–91 dredging permits, 185–186 source control strategies, 63 recommendations for, 161, 167–168, as source of contaminated sediment, 19 172 trade-offs in decision making, 34–35 responsibilities, 18 volume of sediments removed, 20, 21, risk assessment paradigm, 36 n.2 187 sediment quality criteria, 64 See also Dredging, environmental; survey of sediment quality, 204–204 Dredging technology EPA. See Environmental Protection Dredging technology Agency backhoe dredges, 106 Evaluation of technologies bottom-crawling systems, 108, 114 comparative, 12–13, 142–147 cable arm clamshell, 108, 114 cost-effectiveness, 140–141 depth of cut control, 108–109 methodology for, 84 digital system, 114–115 performance monitoring, 137–141 hopper dredges, 105–106, 111 research needs for, 141–142 hydraulic equipment, 105, 111 Ex situ management, 84 mechanical equipment, 105, 111 biological treatment, 127–130, 166–167 positioning systems, 107–108 chemical immobilization, 123 precision technologies, 11, 107–109, chemical separation, 121–123 140, 165 comparative analysis of remediation See also Dredging, environmental; technologies, 12–13, 146–147 Dredging, navigational confined disposal facilities, 130–134, Duwamish Waterway, 134 165 contained aquatic disposal, 134–137, 166 E containment strategies, 130, 147 Ecosystem functioning, 15–16 cost, 116, 140 End-points, 22, 36, 82 cost of biological treatment, 127 Endangered Species Act, 182 cost of chemical immobilization, 123 Energy, U.S.

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From page 290...

... 290 INDEX goals, 116 Hudson River, 89, 103, 196 indications for, 116 Hydrocyclones, 120 interim storage facilities, 116–117 landfill disposal, 137 I long-term monitoring, 139 operations in, 117–118 Implementation physical separation technologies, 117, delays in, 25–26 118–121 recommendations, 168–172 recommendations, 165–167 stakeholder interests, 7–8 research needs, 141, 166, 167 In situ management solids-water separation, 118 biodegradation, 11, 164–165 thermal desorption technologies, 123 biological treatment, 100–104 thermal destruction, 123–125 chemical immobilization, 97–99 chemical sensors for, 74–75 chemical treatment, 11, 99–100, 164 F comparative analysis of technologies, Fiber-optic sensors, 74–75 12–13, 145–146 Fish/shellfish industries cost, 140 interim controls on, 88–89 disadvantages, 10, 163 threat of contaminated sediments, 15– freezing, 100 16 goals, 91 Fluff layer, 65 long-term monitoring, 139 Foreign trade natural recovery, 91–92, 94, 163 significance of, in national economy, recommendations, 163 21–22 research needs, 141 waterborne volume, 21 treatment strategies, 97 Freezing, soil-water, 100 types of, 91 utilization, 91 See also Capping, in-place G Incineration, 118, 123–125, 139 Indiana Harbor, 115 Geological Survey, U.S., 70 Inland waterways, sediment disposal in, Geotextile containers, 136 25 Global positioning system, 107 Innovation Great Lakes, 81, 196 in dredging technologies, 114–116 impediments to, 28 H recommendations for research and development, 167–168 Hamburg, Germany, 120 research and development process for, Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund, 21 141–142 Hart and Miller islands, 54, 56, 229–231 in site assessment, 73–75 Health advisory, 88–89 Interim controls, 9, 33, 82 Heavy metals. See Metals/heavy metals administrative, 88–89, 145 Hot spots, 11, 15, 28 comparative analysis of technology interim technological intervention, 90 categories, 12–13, 145 regulatory provisions, 191 compatibility with long-term strategy, Housatonic River, 103 88

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From page 291...

... See also specific type of strategy understanding of marine environments, J 80–81 James River, 88, 91, 145, 231–233 Manistique Harbor, 90, 115, 120 Manitowoc Harbor, 99 Marathon Battery, 69, 123, 233–234 L Marine Protection, Research and Lake Hartwell, 91 Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA) , 5–6 Land placement, 25, 118 disposal requirements, 46–47, 48, 185, advantages/disadvantages, 137 186 for aerobic degradation, 127 risk assessment, 155–156 cost allocation, 50 Maritime Administration, 49 cost of disposal in, 132 Mediation, 54 regulation, 185 Mercury, 25 sediment handling for, 137 Metals/heavy metals, 56, 57 Laser positioning systems, 107–108 chemical immobilization, 123 London Convention of 1972, 47, 94 chemical separation, 121, 127 Long Island Sound, 196 thermal destruction, 125 Long-term considerations Mitigation, off-site, 59–60 chemical contaminants, 23 MPRSA.

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From page 292...

... , 23, 112, 123 88–89, 99, 100, 103–104, 111, 112, New York, Port of, 49 120, 123, 125, 127–129, 196, 254, Newark Bay, 25 263, 268 Nucleophilic substitution, 125–127 Post-project evaluations, 82, 139 Numerical modeling, 75–76 Practicability, 47 n.3 of sediment resuspension in dredging, Public awareness/perception 110 of aquatic processes, 26–27 citizen stakeholders, 52–53 effectiveness of health advisories, 89 O Pyrolysis, 125 Ocean dumping in abyssal plain, 136–137 international agreements, 47 Q regulatory system, 25, 185, 186–187, Quantity of contaminated sediments, 1 199 Ocean Dumping Act. See Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries R Act RCRA.

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From page 293...

... , 5, 18 191 sediment placement requirements, 48 source control through, 63–64 Risk analysis state programs, 208–214 activities of, 3, 35 timeliness of decision making in, 48–50 current application, 3, 35 water resource public works projects, expanded application, 3 197 opportunities for improvement, 36, 42 See also Permitting process recommended utilization, 159 Remediation Risk assessment comparative analysis of technology cost-benefit analysis and, 36–37 categories, 12–13, 142–147 current application, 3, 35 conceptual management approach, 84 EPA paradigm, 36 n.2 conceptual model, 82 goals, 3, 22, 35 cost-effectiveness analysis, 140 in management strategy planning, 33

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From page 294...

... See Chemical consensus building, 54–55, 60–61, 158, separation; Particle separation 161 Sewage sludge, 57 consideration of, in project planning, Sheboygan River, 127–129, 132 32 Silt curtains, 112 fragmented regulatory system and, 25– Site assessment 26 acoustic profiling for, 9, 73–74, 77 off-site mitigation to satisfy, 59–60 aquatic dynamics, 70–71 phases of involvement, 53 chemical sensors for, 9, 74–75, 77 range of, 52–53

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From page 295...

... See Water Resources Tacoma, Port of, 49, 53, 54, 56, 57, 234– Development Act of 1986 236 Temporary interventions. See Interim Z controls Thermal desorption, 12, 123 Zeebrugge Harbor, 127 Thermal destruction, 123–125, 146 Zero risk, 59 Times Beach, New York, 56–57 Total maximum daily loads, 64, 77, 192– 193

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Index Pages 285-295

Index
Pages 285-295