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From page 299... ... , 127, 128 58, 178 Age-based differences Amphetamines developmentally appropriate neurochemical response, 64 interventions in families, 150 neurotoxicity, 83 drug-taking behavior, 96-99 Animal models, 35 life course of drug use, 108-109 behavioral research, 37 Alcohol drug abuse effects on course of agonist/antagonist therapies, 70, HIV, 83 71, 195 fetal drug exposure, 168 biochemical markers, 121 genetic research, 78-79, 80-81 as drug, 2-3, 16-17 299 Read the entire page →
From page 300... ... inpatient for pharmacotherapies, 39-41, 203 treatment, 240-241 recommendations for, 4, 51 dopaminergic effects, 37, 64, 73, 82 risk factors for drug use, 48-49 drug interactions, 173 on withdrawal, 42-43 effects on male reproduction, 174 Benzodiazepines, 211 extent of abuse, 2, 21, 193 antagonists, 70 extent of dependence, 102 Biomarkers, 121, 173-174 immunization, 39-40, 85 Bromocriptine, 71 market characteristics, 260 Buprenorphine, 195-196 maternal use during pregnancy, 166, 167 neurochemical response, 61, 64, 68 C pharmacological antagonists, 70 prenatal exposure, 171-172 Ca2+ neurotransmitter pathway, 59, 60 treatment vs. drug control/ Cannabis. Read the entire page →
From page 301... ... See also addiction and, 19 HIV/AIDS clinical features, 19 intensity of drug use and, 3, 18 co-occurring psychiatric disorders, violent behaviors, 8-9, 22, 176-182 82-83, 108 Contingency contracting/ diagnosis, 192-193 management, 41-42, 196-197 epidemiological data, 101-102 Controlled Substances Act, 254, 257 goal of neuroscience research, 56 Correctional systems medical model, 20-21, 26-27 drug offender population, 263 neurochemical systems in, 61-62, treatment in, 213-214 65, 68-69 Corticotropin releasing factor, 68 pain mechanisms and, 4-5 Cost-benefit analysis preventive interventions targeted drug control/interdiction vs. at transition to, 148, 152 treatment, 199-200 relapse risk, 19-20 managed drug abuse care, 227-228, vulnerability genes, 78-79 239-241 Depression, 82-83, 123 preventive interventions, 149 with co-occurring dependence, treatment, 198-200 treatment for, 210 treatment matching, 209 drug abuse treatment and, 16 Cost-shifting, 243-244 Detoxification, 194-195 Crack cocaine, 163 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of maternal use during pregnancy, Mental Disorders-IV, 18, 19, 107, 166 192, 201 violent behavior and, 179 dependence diagnosis, 295-298 Craving, 46-47 Diffusion-weighted imaging, 81 Crimes/criminality Domestic violence, 178 criminalization of drug users, 254- Dopaminergic system, 37-38, 62, 64-65, 255 67, 70, 71, 73, 76-77, 79, 82-83, drug abuse treatment for prisoners, 172 213-214 Drug, definitions of, 2-3, 16-17 drug arrest/prosecution trends, Drug Abuse Reporting Program, 197 262-263 198 Read the entire page →
From page 302... ... treatment, 15, 95-96 199-200 community-level assessments, 105 criminalization of users, 254-255 conceptual framework, 94-95 deterrent effects of criminal data collection needs, 107 sanctions, 261-266 data on natural history of drug use, as drug abuse research topic, 250- 108-109 251, 270-271 drug use by military personnel, effects on illicit markets, 259-261 104-105 effects on legitimate drug use/ drug use by pregnant women, 105, research, 257-259 166 enforcement strategies, 255-256 drug use by youths, 99-101 epidemiological studies, 107 drug use of arrested persons, 103 prohibition vs. discouragement, 104 252-253 general population surveys, 96-102 recommendations for research on HIV/AIDS research opportunities, effects of, 259, 261, 268, 271 164-165 researchable issues, 251-252 HIV transmission, 8 severity of penalties, 256 methodological issues, 111-113 spending for, 22, 259 metropolitan area studies, 102-103 therapeutic role of criminal opportunities for enhancement, sanctions, 266-268 107-113 treatment vs. Read the entire page →
From page 303... ... INDEX 303 physiological vulnerability, 120-121 windows of biological psychosocial vulnerability, 122-124 vulnerability, 172-173 recommendations for research, 6, See also Pregnancy, drug use in 130-131 Functional magnetic resonance research goals, 118 imaging (fMRI) , 72, 81 research opportunities, 127-130 Funding of research, 1 sociocultural factors, 109-111, 126- obstacles to interdisciplinary 127 research, 30 See also Motivation for drug use sources, 13-14, 22 Excitatory amino acids, 38, 58-59, 82, stability of, 24-25 86 Extent of drug abuse, 2, 21, 193 among psychiatric-disordered G patients, 108, 123-124 G proteins, 59, 60, 61 demographic variables, 96-99 Gender differences general population surveys, 96-102 access to care, 212, 213 specific population surveys, 102-105 drug dependence, 96-99 drug-taking behavior, 96-99 psychiatric comorbidity, 212 F treatment implications, 212-213 Families Genetics high-risk, 150 adoption studies, 120 parental drug abuse, 176 alcohol-related violence, 178 preventive interventions, 143-145, drug-induced adaptations, 75, 76 149-150 etiological factors, 119-120 protective factors enhancement, individual differences in drug 128, 143 response, 62-64 risk factors, 124-125, 129 knock-out technology, 79 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 170 research opportunities, 78-79 Fetal drug exposure, 8 transgenic engineering, 79-80 alcohol, 169-170 twin studies, 119-120 cocaine, 171-172 health effects, 167 HIV transmission, 163 H life span effects, 174-175 Hallucinogens, 65 marijuana, 171 violent behavior associated with, multiple drug use, 173 179-180 nicotine, 168-169 Harrison Narcotics Act, 253, 254 obstacles to quantifying effects of, Health Care Financing 167-168 Administration, 10, 231 opiates, 170-171 Health maintenance organizations, opportunities for research, 172-175 223-224, 228-229 paternal drug use, 174 Heroin, 105 prevalence of maternal drug use, 166 craving response in users, 46 recommendations for research, 176 extent of abuse, 2, 21, 193 immunization, 39-40, 85 Read the entire page →
From page 304... ... 304 INDEX market characteristics, 260 HIV transmission, 8, 22, 161-163 neurochemical response, 64-65 initiation, 166 HIV/AIDS medical complications of HIV, 204 access to care, 205-206 205 drug abuse effects on course of, 83 needle exchange programs, 165 drug abuse treatment and, 202, 166, 255 204-207 Interdisciplinary research, 15-16, 29-30 economic costs, 163 International Classification of epidemiology, 161, 164-165 Diseases-10, 18-19, 201 in infants and children, 163 Interpersonal psychotherapy, 196 injection drug use as risk factor, 8, 22 medical complications, 204-205 L needle exchange programs for risk Learning theory, 41, 48-49 reduction, 165-166, 255 associative processes, 65-66 prevention, 165-166 Legal issues recommendations for research, 8, drug use in pregnancy, 213, 269 166, 215 270 research opportunities, 164-166 prohibition of drugs as policy transmission, 161-163 approach, 252-253 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, Life Skills Training, 141-142 63 Locus coeruleus, 68-69 Lysergic acid diethylamide, 65, 179, 210 I Illicit drug use M extent in general population, 96-102 Magnetic resonance angiography, 81 extent in specific populations, 102- Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 72, 105 81 terminology, 2-3, 17-18 Managed care Immunology, drug vaccination, 39-40, access to drug abuse treatment, 85 231-235 Independent practice association, 224 behavioral health care, 223, 227-228 Individual differences benefit design, 226-227, 231-236 genetic-environmental factors in carve-in/carve-out vendors, 223 drug response, 62-64 225, 226-227, 228-229 in response to drugs, 120-121 characteristic features, 223 treatment matching, 207-209 cost-effectiveness, 239-241 vulnerability to drug use, 48 cost of drug abuse treatment, 231Initiation of drug use 235 epidemiological data, 109 cost-shifting, 243-244 injection drugs, 166 delivery systems, 223-225 personality risk factors, 122-123 effectiveness, 237-239 Injection drug use enrollment, 223 extent of, 164 financing structure, 225-226 HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 164-165 management, 225 Read the entire page →
From page 305... ... , 13-14, 31, 74 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 83 recommendations for, 10, 11, 231, Mexican Americans, 125, 126 271 Midwestern Prevention Project, 141- National Institutes of Health (NIH) , 30 142 National Longitudinal Survey of Monitoring the Future Study, 99-101 Youth, 106 Monoamine oxidase, 121 Native Americans, 125, 127 Monoclonal antibodies, 40 Needle exchange programs, 165-166, Motivation for drug use 255 adjunctive behaviors, 43-44 Neuroscience research alternative reinforcers, 44-45 accomplishments, 4-5, 15-16, 56-57, appetitive behaviors, 45 62 deterrent effects of criminal brain disease model of addiction, sanctions, 261-266 20-21 neurochemical systems in individual differences in drug withdrawal, 66-67 response, 62-64 Read the entire page →
From page 306... ... 306 INDEX opportunities for enhancement, 78- as drug, 2-3, 16-17 86 economic costs of maternal use for pharmacotherapies, 16, 203 during pregnancy, 167 prospects, 4, 56 extent of dependence, 102 recommendations for, 5, 87 neurochemical reinforcement, 65 research needs, 75-78 prenatal exposure, 168-169 Neurotransmitter mechanics, 15-16, 58 prevalence of maternal use during alcohol-violence linkage, 178 pregnancy, 166 animal models, 80-81 regulatory policy, 253 biomarkers for substance abuse, withdrawal, 42-43 121 youth-oriented antismoking brain imaging, 71-73, 81-82 campaigns, 145-146 dopaminergic system, 37-38, 62, 64- Nitric acid, 59 65, 67, 70, 71, 73, Norepinephrine, 66 76-77, 79, 82-83, 172 drug agonists, 71 drug antagonists, 70-71 O in drug dependence, 61-62 Office of Justice Programs, 14 drug-induced adaptations, 75-76 Opiates/opioids in drug tolerance, 65-66 addiction treatment options, 194 life span effects of drug exposure, agonists/antagonists, 40, 70, 195 174-175 brain imaging studies, 86 long-term effects of drug use, 60, clinical use, 86 76-77, 84-85 definitions, 18 medial forebrain bundle in, 64 drug interactions, 173 neurotoxic effects of drug use, 83-84 drug-seeking behaviors in neurotrophic factors, 60-61 withdrawal, 66-67 nucleus accumbens in, 77 locus coeruleus model of pain pathways, 74-75 dependence, 68-69 pain research, 85-86 neurochemical response, 61, 64-65, prenatal cocaine exposure, 172 67, 68 protein phosphorylation, 59-60 pain-relieving action, 74-75 psychiatric disorder-drug pharmacotherapy, 195-196 dependence linkages, 82-83 prenatal exposure, 170-171 receptor activity, 58-59 receptor sites, 86 in reinforcement process, 64-65, 67 violence linkage, 178 in relapse, 69, 84-85 Opioid peptide system, 62, 65, 66, 67, second messenger systems, 59-60 68 signal transduction pathways, 80 Outcome research synaptic transmission, 57-58 assessment instruments, 201-202, in withdrawal, 66-69 239 See also Neuroscience research coerced treatment, 267-268 Neurotrophins, 60-61 community-based preventive Nicotine/tobacco, 127 interventions, 146-147, 151 agonist therapies, 71 craving as treatment outcome craving response in users, 46 indicator, 46-47 Read the entire page →
From page 307... ... , 38, 82, 179 drug use morbidity/mortality, 106 Phosphatidylinositol, 59 gender differences, 212-213 Positron emission tomography, 72-73 managed drug abuse care, 10, 222- Pregnancy, drug use in 223, 236-244 confidentiality issues in treatment, placement criteria as outcome 269-270 predictor, 242 costs of, 167 research needs, 202 criminalization of, 213, 269-270 treatment efficacy, 197-198 fetal alcohol exposure, 169-170 treatment matching, 208, 209 fetal cocaine exposure, 171-172 violent behavior in psychiatric fetal marijuana exposure, 171 drug abuse patients, 180 fetal nicotine exposure, 168-169 Oxazepam, 211 fetal opiate exposure, 170-171 obstacles to quantifying fetal drug exposure effects, 167-168 P opportunities for research on fetal Pain exposure, 172-175 brain imaging studies, 86 paternal drug use, 174 clinical indications for opioids, 86 pharmacotherapy for, 213 neurobiological research, 4-5, 85-86 prevalence, 105, 166 neurochemistry, 74-75 recommendations for research, 176 significance of drug abuse research, self-reported data, 173-174 16, 74-75 treatment implications, 213 Parent-focused preventive windows of fetal vulnerability, 172 interventions, 143-144 173 PCP. See Phencyclidine Preventive interventions Peer relations, 125-126 administration of, 153-154 Personality disorders, 82, 180 community-based, 146-147, 151 Pharmacotherapy conceptual trends, 139-140 antagonists of drugs of abuse, 40, cost-benefit analysis, 149 70-71 criminal sanctions, 261-266 antidepressant, 210 evaluation methodology, 143, 153 drug interactions, 211 family-based, 143-145, 149-150 implementation of research HIV/AIDS, 165-166 findings, 28 indicated, 7, 139 implications of medical model of media-based, 145-146, 151 dependence, 26-27 for minority populations, 148, 152 integrated with psychosocial 153 treatment, 194 primary, 7, 139-140 low abuse-potential medications, protective factors enhancement, 38-39 127-128 medications development, 203-204 in public health framework, 25 with pregnant women, 213 recommendations for, 7 Read the entire page →
From page 308... ... 308 INDEX recommendations for research, 154 drug research funding and, 25 research accomplishments, 15 on effects of drug-taking, 109-110 research needs, 147-151 political context of research, 28 research opportunities, 152-153 research trends, 6 school-based, 141-143, 147-149, 152 Q secondary, 7, 139-140 selective, 7, 139 Quality of care, in managed drug targeted to transition from abuse to abuse care, 241-242 dependence, 148, 152 tertiary, 7, 139-140 types of, 7, 139 R universal, 7, 139-140 Priming dose phenomenon, 45 Race/ethnicity, 99, 110 Product development, 28 physiological differences in drug antiaddiction medications, 203-204 response, 99, 110, 120-121 behavioral models in new drug preventive intervention design, development, 38-41 148, 152-153 Protective factors risk factors, 125, 126-127 for alcoholism, 121 youth drug use, 128 defined, 6, 118 Reinforcement familial, 143 contingency contracting therapy, protective-protective, 118 196-197 research opportunities, 127-128 individual differences, 63 risk-protective, 118 neural substrate, 64-65, 67 Psychedelic drugs. See Hallucinogens via antagonists of drugs of abuse, Psychiatric disorders 70-71 benefits of drug abuse research, 16 Relapse drug dependence-associated, 82-83, after prolonged abstinence, 84-85 124 animal models, 69 drug-induced, 210 behavioral research in prevention, gender differences, 212 42 psychotic disorders, 82 drug antagonist therapies, 70-71 as risk factor for drug abuse, 123 in medical model of addiction, 20 Psychiatric disorders with co- naltrexone effects, 195 occurring drug abuse, 101-102, neurobiological substrate, 69, 84-85 107-108, 123-124 priming dose phenomenon, 45 assessment and diagnosis, 210 probability, 19-20 in parents, 175 Research in drug use pharmacotherapy, 210-211 achievements of, 14-16 research recommendations, 182 benefits of, 1, 22 treatment, 9, 209-211 cross-disciplinary benefits, 15-16, violent behavior associated with, 29-30 180-182 funding, 1, 13-14, 24-25, 31 Psychotherapy, 196-197 goals, 1, 21, 30-31 Public perceptions historical development, 13, 284-292 of addiction, 20-21 implementation of findings, 27-28 Read the entire page →
From page 309... ... See Nicotine/tobacco HIV, 8, 165 Tolerance peer, 125-126 clinical features, 19 personality traits, 122-123 in etiology of alcoholism, 121 psychopathology, 123-124 neural substrate, 65-66 research opportunities, 128-130 Treatment sociocultural, 126-127 access, 193, 205-206, 212, 213, 231 violent behavior, in psychiatric 235 drug abusers, 181 assessment and diagnosis, 200-202 behavioral conditioning, 41-42 chemical dependency programs, S 194 Schizophrenia, 82, 181 for children and adolescents, 214School-based prevention programs, 215, 270 141-143, 147-149, 152 for co-occurring psychiatric Self-reported data, 112-113 disorders in drug abusers, 9, maternal drug use, 173-174 209-211 Serotonergic system, 66, 67 confidentiality issues, 268-270 Sexuality/sexual behavior in correctional settings, 213-214 drug effects on male reproductive cost-benefit analysis, 198-200 system, 174 cost-shifting, 243-244 HIV transmission, 162-163 costs of managed drug abuse care, Single-photon emission computed 167 tomography, 72 of drug-abusing women, 212-213 Social norms, 109-110 drug immunizations, 39-40, 85 risk factors, 126-127 drug users with HIV, 204-207 Stages of drug-taking behavior, 3, 18 duration, 197, 202, 233 epidemiologic data, 108-109 effectiveness, 9, 197-198 targeting of preventive effectiveness of managed care, 237 interventions, 7, 139 239 treatment matching criteria, 208-209 HIV risk reduction in, 165 Read the entire page →
From page 310... ... , 214, 266-267 negative affective states in, 67 Treatment Outcome Prospective neurochemical substrate, 66-69 Study, 197-198 in newborns, 170 Treatment Services Review, 202 physical signs, 66-67 Twelve-step programs, 194 psychological signs, 66 U Y Urinalysis, 113 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Utilization of treatment resources, 193 System, 106 confidentiality and, 268-270 Read the entire page →

From page 299...

... , 127, 128 58, 178 Age-based differences Amphetamines developmentally appropriate neurochemical response, 64 interventions in families, 150 neurotoxicity, 83 drug-taking behavior, 96-99 Animal models, 35 life course of drug use, 108-109 behavioral research, 37 Alcohol drug abuse effects on course of agonist/antagonist therapies, 70, HIV, 83 71, 195 fetal drug exposure, 168 biochemical markers, 121 genetic research, 78-79, 80-81 as drug, 2-3, 16-17 299

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From page 300...

... inpatient for pharmacotherapies, 39-41, 203 treatment, 240-241 recommendations for, 4, 51 dopaminergic effects, 37, 64, 73, 82 risk factors for drug use, 48-49 drug interactions, 173 on withdrawal, 42-43 effects on male reproduction, 174 Benzodiazepines, 211 extent of abuse, 2, 21, 193 antagonists, 70 extent of dependence, 102 Biomarkers, 121, 173-174 immunization, 39-40, 85 Bromocriptine, 71 market characteristics, 260 Buprenorphine, 195-196 maternal use during pregnancy, 166, 167 neurochemical response, 61, 64, 68 C pharmacological antagonists, 70 prenatal exposure, 171-172 Ca2+ neurotransmitter pathway, 59, 60 treatment vs. drug control/ Cannabis.

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From page 301...

... See also addiction and, 19 HIV/AIDS clinical features, 19 intensity of drug use and, 3, 18 co-occurring psychiatric disorders, violent behaviors, 8-9, 22, 176-182 82-83, 108 Contingency contracting/ diagnosis, 192-193 management, 41-42, 196-197 epidemiological data, 101-102 Controlled Substances Act, 254, 257 goal of neuroscience research, 56 Correctional systems medical model, 20-21, 26-27 drug offender population, 263 neurochemical systems in, 61-62, treatment in, 213-214 65, 68-69 Corticotropin releasing factor, 68 pain mechanisms and, 4-5 Cost-benefit analysis preventive interventions targeted drug control/interdiction vs. at transition to, 148, 152 treatment, 199-200 relapse risk, 19-20 managed drug abuse care, 227-228, vulnerability genes, 78-79 239-241 Depression, 82-83, 123 preventive interventions, 149 with co-occurring dependence, treatment, 198-200 treatment for, 210 treatment matching, 209 drug abuse treatment and, 16 Cost-shifting, 243-244 Detoxification, 194-195 Crack cocaine, 163 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of maternal use during pregnancy, Mental Disorders-IV, 18, 19, 107, 166 192, 201 violent behavior and, 179 dependence diagnosis, 295-298 Craving, 46-47 Diffusion-weighted imaging, 81 Crimes/criminality Domestic violence, 178 criminalization of drug users, 254- Dopaminergic system, 37-38, 62, 64-65, 255 67, 70, 71, 73, 76-77, 79, 82-83, drug abuse treatment for prisoners, 172 213-214 Drug, definitions of, 2-3, 16-17 drug arrest/prosecution trends, Drug Abuse Reporting Program, 197 262-263 198

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From page 302...

... treatment, 15, 95-96 199-200 community-level assessments, 105 criminalization of users, 254-255 conceptual framework, 94-95 deterrent effects of criminal data collection needs, 107 sanctions, 261-266 data on natural history of drug use, as drug abuse research topic, 250- 108-109 251, 270-271 drug use by military personnel, effects on illicit markets, 259-261 104-105 effects on legitimate drug use/ drug use by pregnant women, 105, research, 257-259 166 enforcement strategies, 255-256 drug use by youths, 99-101 epidemiological studies, 107 drug use of arrested persons, 103 prohibition vs. discouragement, 104 252-253 general population surveys, 96-102 recommendations for research on HIV/AIDS research opportunities, effects of, 259, 261, 268, 271 164-165 researchable issues, 251-252 HIV transmission, 8 severity of penalties, 256 methodological issues, 111-113 spending for, 22, 259 metropolitan area studies, 102-103 therapeutic role of criminal opportunities for enhancement, sanctions, 266-268 107-113 treatment vs.

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From page 303...

... INDEX 303 physiological vulnerability, 120-121 windows of biological psychosocial vulnerability, 122-124 vulnerability, 172-173 recommendations for research, 6, See also Pregnancy, drug use in 130-131 Functional magnetic resonance research goals, 118 imaging (fMRI) , 72, 81 research opportunities, 127-130 Funding of research, 1 sociocultural factors, 109-111, 126- obstacles to interdisciplinary 127 research, 30 See also Motivation for drug use sources, 13-14, 22 Excitatory amino acids, 38, 58-59, 82, stability of, 24-25 86 Extent of drug abuse, 2, 21, 193 among psychiatric-disordered G patients, 108, 123-124 G proteins, 59, 60, 61 demographic variables, 96-99 Gender differences general population surveys, 96-102 access to care, 212, 213 specific population surveys, 102-105 drug dependence, 96-99 drug-taking behavior, 96-99 psychiatric comorbidity, 212 F treatment implications, 212-213 Families Genetics high-risk, 150 adoption studies, 120 parental drug abuse, 176 alcohol-related violence, 178 preventive interventions, 143-145, drug-induced adaptations, 75, 76 149-150 etiological factors, 119-120 protective factors enhancement, individual differences in drug 128, 143 response, 62-64 risk factors, 124-125, 129 knock-out technology, 79 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 170 research opportunities, 78-79 Fetal drug exposure, 8 transgenic engineering, 79-80 alcohol, 169-170 twin studies, 119-120 cocaine, 171-172 health effects, 167 HIV transmission, 163 H life span effects, 174-175 Hallucinogens, 65 marijuana, 171 violent behavior associated with, multiple drug use, 173 179-180 nicotine, 168-169 Harrison Narcotics Act, 253, 254 obstacles to quantifying effects of, Health Care Financing 167-168 Administration, 10, 231 opiates, 170-171 Health maintenance organizations, opportunities for research, 172-175 223-224, 228-229 paternal drug use, 174 Heroin, 105 prevalence of maternal drug use, 166 craving response in users, 46 recommendations for research, 176 extent of abuse, 2, 21, 193 immunization, 39-40, 85

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From page 304...

... 304 INDEX market characteristics, 260 HIV transmission, 8, 22, 161-163 neurochemical response, 64-65 initiation, 166 HIV/AIDS medical complications of HIV, 204 access to care, 205-206 205 drug abuse effects on course of, 83 needle exchange programs, 165 drug abuse treatment and, 202, 166, 255 204-207 Interdisciplinary research, 15-16, 29-30 economic costs, 163 International Classification of epidemiology, 161, 164-165 Diseases-10, 18-19, 201 in infants and children, 163 Interpersonal psychotherapy, 196 injection drug use as risk factor, 8, 22 medical complications, 204-205 L needle exchange programs for risk Learning theory, 41, 48-49 reduction, 165-166, 255 associative processes, 65-66 prevention, 165-166 Legal issues recommendations for research, 8, drug use in pregnancy, 213, 269 166, 215 270 research opportunities, 164-166 prohibition of drugs as policy transmission, 161-163 approach, 252-253 Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, Life Skills Training, 141-142 63 Locus coeruleus, 68-69 Lysergic acid diethylamide, 65, 179, 210 I Illicit drug use M extent in general population, 96-102 Magnetic resonance angiography, 81 extent in specific populations, 102- Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, 72, 105 81 terminology, 2-3, 17-18 Managed care Immunology, drug vaccination, 39-40, access to drug abuse treatment, 85 231-235 Independent practice association, 224 behavioral health care, 223, 227-228 Individual differences benefit design, 226-227, 231-236 genetic-environmental factors in carve-in/carve-out vendors, 223 drug response, 62-64 225, 226-227, 228-229 in response to drugs, 120-121 characteristic features, 223 treatment matching, 207-209 cost-effectiveness, 239-241 vulnerability to drug use, 48 cost of drug abuse treatment, 231Initiation of drug use 235 epidemiological data, 109 cost-shifting, 243-244 injection drugs, 166 delivery systems, 223-225 personality risk factors, 122-123 effectiveness, 237-239 Injection drug use enrollment, 223 extent of, 164 financing structure, 225-226 HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 164-165 management, 225

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From page 305...

... , 13-14, 31, 74 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 83 recommendations for, 10, 11, 231, Mexican Americans, 125, 126 271 Midwestern Prevention Project, 141- National Institutes of Health (NIH) , 30 142 National Longitudinal Survey of Monitoring the Future Study, 99-101 Youth, 106 Monoamine oxidase, 121 Native Americans, 125, 127 Monoclonal antibodies, 40 Needle exchange programs, 165-166, Motivation for drug use 255 adjunctive behaviors, 43-44 Neuroscience research alternative reinforcers, 44-45 accomplishments, 4-5, 15-16, 56-57, appetitive behaviors, 45 62 deterrent effects of criminal brain disease model of addiction, sanctions, 261-266 20-21 neurochemical systems in individual differences in drug withdrawal, 66-67 response, 62-64

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From page 306...

... 306 INDEX opportunities for enhancement, 78- as drug, 2-3, 16-17 86 economic costs of maternal use for pharmacotherapies, 16, 203 during pregnancy, 167 prospects, 4, 56 extent of dependence, 102 recommendations for, 5, 87 neurochemical reinforcement, 65 research needs, 75-78 prenatal exposure, 168-169 Neurotransmitter mechanics, 15-16, 58 prevalence of maternal use during alcohol-violence linkage, 178 pregnancy, 166 animal models, 80-81 regulatory policy, 253 biomarkers for substance abuse, withdrawal, 42-43 121 youth-oriented antismoking brain imaging, 71-73, 81-82 campaigns, 145-146 dopaminergic system, 37-38, 62, 64- Nitric acid, 59 65, 67, 70, 71, 73, Norepinephrine, 66 76-77, 79, 82-83, 172 drug agonists, 71 drug antagonists, 70-71 O in drug dependence, 61-62 Office of Justice Programs, 14 drug-induced adaptations, 75-76 Opiates/opioids in drug tolerance, 65-66 addiction treatment options, 194 life span effects of drug exposure, agonists/antagonists, 40, 70, 195 174-175 brain imaging studies, 86 long-term effects of drug use, 60, clinical use, 86 76-77, 84-85 definitions, 18 medial forebrain bundle in, 64 drug interactions, 173 neurotoxic effects of drug use, 83-84 drug-seeking behaviors in neurotrophic factors, 60-61 withdrawal, 66-67 nucleus accumbens in, 77 locus coeruleus model of pain pathways, 74-75 dependence, 68-69 pain research, 85-86 neurochemical response, 61, 64-65, prenatal cocaine exposure, 172 67, 68 protein phosphorylation, 59-60 pain-relieving action, 74-75 psychiatric disorder-drug pharmacotherapy, 195-196 dependence linkages, 82-83 prenatal exposure, 170-171 receptor activity, 58-59 receptor sites, 86 in reinforcement process, 64-65, 67 violence linkage, 178 in relapse, 69, 84-85 Opioid peptide system, 62, 65, 66, 67, second messenger systems, 59-60 68 signal transduction pathways, 80 Outcome research synaptic transmission, 57-58 assessment instruments, 201-202, in withdrawal, 66-69 239 See also Neuroscience research coerced treatment, 267-268 Neurotrophins, 60-61 community-based preventive Nicotine/tobacco, 127 interventions, 146-147, 151 agonist therapies, 71 craving as treatment outcome craving response in users, 46 indicator, 46-47

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From page 307...

... , 38, 82, 179 drug use morbidity/mortality, 106 Phosphatidylinositol, 59 gender differences, 212-213 Positron emission tomography, 72-73 managed drug abuse care, 10, 222- Pregnancy, drug use in 223, 236-244 confidentiality issues in treatment, placement criteria as outcome 269-270 predictor, 242 costs of, 167 research needs, 202 criminalization of, 213, 269-270 treatment efficacy, 197-198 fetal alcohol exposure, 169-170 treatment matching, 208, 209 fetal cocaine exposure, 171-172 violent behavior in psychiatric fetal marijuana exposure, 171 drug abuse patients, 180 fetal nicotine exposure, 168-169 Oxazepam, 211 fetal opiate exposure, 170-171 obstacles to quantifying fetal drug exposure effects, 167-168 P opportunities for research on fetal Pain exposure, 172-175 brain imaging studies, 86 paternal drug use, 174 clinical indications for opioids, 86 pharmacotherapy for, 213 neurobiological research, 4-5, 85-86 prevalence, 105, 166 neurochemistry, 74-75 recommendations for research, 176 significance of drug abuse research, self-reported data, 173-174 16, 74-75 treatment implications, 213 Parent-focused preventive windows of fetal vulnerability, 172 interventions, 143-144 173 PCP. See Phencyclidine Preventive interventions Peer relations, 125-126 administration of, 153-154 Personality disorders, 82, 180 community-based, 146-147, 151 Pharmacotherapy conceptual trends, 139-140 antagonists of drugs of abuse, 40, cost-benefit analysis, 149 70-71 criminal sanctions, 261-266 antidepressant, 210 evaluation methodology, 143, 153 drug interactions, 211 family-based, 143-145, 149-150 implementation of research HIV/AIDS, 165-166 findings, 28 indicated, 7, 139 implications of medical model of media-based, 145-146, 151 dependence, 26-27 for minority populations, 148, 152 integrated with psychosocial 153 treatment, 194 primary, 7, 139-140 low abuse-potential medications, protective factors enhancement, 38-39 127-128 medications development, 203-204 in public health framework, 25 with pregnant women, 213 recommendations for, 7

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From page 308...

... 308 INDEX recommendations for research, 154 drug research funding and, 25 research accomplishments, 15 on effects of drug-taking, 109-110 research needs, 147-151 political context of research, 28 research opportunities, 152-153 research trends, 6 school-based, 141-143, 147-149, 152 Q secondary, 7, 139-140 selective, 7, 139 Quality of care, in managed drug targeted to transition from abuse to abuse care, 241-242 dependence, 148, 152 tertiary, 7, 139-140 types of, 7, 139 R universal, 7, 139-140 Priming dose phenomenon, 45 Race/ethnicity, 99, 110 Product development, 28 physiological differences in drug antiaddiction medications, 203-204 response, 99, 110, 120-121 behavioral models in new drug preventive intervention design, development, 38-41 148, 152-153 Protective factors risk factors, 125, 126-127 for alcoholism, 121 youth drug use, 128 defined, 6, 118 Reinforcement familial, 143 contingency contracting therapy, protective-protective, 118 196-197 research opportunities, 127-128 individual differences, 63 risk-protective, 118 neural substrate, 64-65, 67 Psychedelic drugs. See Hallucinogens via antagonists of drugs of abuse, Psychiatric disorders 70-71 benefits of drug abuse research, 16 Relapse drug dependence-associated, 82-83, after prolonged abstinence, 84-85 124 animal models, 69 drug-induced, 210 behavioral research in prevention, gender differences, 212 42 psychotic disorders, 82 drug antagonist therapies, 70-71 as risk factor for drug abuse, 123 in medical model of addiction, 20 Psychiatric disorders with co- naltrexone effects, 195 occurring drug abuse, 101-102, neurobiological substrate, 69, 84-85 107-108, 123-124 priming dose phenomenon, 45 assessment and diagnosis, 210 probability, 19-20 in parents, 175 Research in drug use pharmacotherapy, 210-211 achievements of, 14-16 research recommendations, 182 benefits of, 1, 22 treatment, 9, 209-211 cross-disciplinary benefits, 15-16, violent behavior associated with, 29-30 180-182 funding, 1, 13-14, 24-25, 31 Psychotherapy, 196-197 goals, 1, 21, 30-31 Public perceptions historical development, 13, 284-292 of addiction, 20-21 implementation of findings, 27-28

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From page 309...

... See Nicotine/tobacco HIV, 8, 165 Tolerance peer, 125-126 clinical features, 19 personality traits, 122-123 in etiology of alcoholism, 121 psychopathology, 123-124 neural substrate, 65-66 research opportunities, 128-130 Treatment sociocultural, 126-127 access, 193, 205-206, 212, 213, 231 violent behavior, in psychiatric 235 drug abusers, 181 assessment and diagnosis, 200-202 behavioral conditioning, 41-42 chemical dependency programs, S 194 Schizophrenia, 82, 181 for children and adolescents, 214School-based prevention programs, 215, 270 141-143, 147-149, 152 for co-occurring psychiatric Self-reported data, 112-113 disorders in drug abusers, 9, maternal drug use, 173-174 209-211 Serotonergic system, 66, 67 confidentiality issues, 268-270 Sexuality/sexual behavior in correctional settings, 213-214 drug effects on male reproductive cost-benefit analysis, 198-200 system, 174 cost-shifting, 243-244 HIV transmission, 162-163 costs of managed drug abuse care, Single-photon emission computed 167 tomography, 72 of drug-abusing women, 212-213 Social norms, 109-110 drug immunizations, 39-40, 85 risk factors, 126-127 drug users with HIV, 204-207 Stages of drug-taking behavior, 3, 18 duration, 197, 202, 233 epidemiologic data, 108-109 effectiveness, 9, 197-198 targeting of preventive effectiveness of managed care, 237 interventions, 7, 139 239 treatment matching criteria, 208-209 HIV risk reduction in, 165

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From page 310...

... , 214, 266-267 negative affective states in, 67 Treatment Outcome Prospective neurochemical substrate, 66-69 Study, 197-198 in newborns, 170 Treatment Services Review, 202 physical signs, 66-67 Twelve-step programs, 194 psychological signs, 66 U Y Urinalysis, 113 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Utilization of treatment resources, 193 System, 106 confidentiality and, 268-270

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Index Pages 299-310

Index
Pages 299-310