Blood Donors and the Supply of Blood and Blood Products (1996) / Chapter Skim
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IV Expanding the Alternatives
IV Expanding the Alternatives
Pages 81-106
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From page 81... ...
IV Expanding the Alternatives 81
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From page 83... ...
Quarantine: All cryopreserved red blood cells can be used as a source of quarantined allogeneic red blood cells. We freeze nonrejuvenated red blood cells shortly after blood collection while the oxygen transport function of the red blood cells is still maintained.
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From page 84... ...
The most important of these uses is the quarantine of allogeneic frozen red cells, i.e., the use of freeze-preservation as a means of avoiding the potential for transmission of disease through an allogeneic transfusion. It is now possible to quarantine frozen donor red blood cells for at least 6 months to retest the donor for pathogens that were undetectable at donation.
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From page 85... ...
In our laboratory, we use a sodium chloride-glucose solution during deglycerolization and postthaw storage, and we have data collected over the past 20 years that indicate that washed previously frozen red blood cells can be stored safely at 4°C in a sodium chloride-glucose solution for at least seven days. Moreover, when we used an additive solution such as ADSOL (AS-1)
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From page 86... ...
Before the storage limit of liquid preserved red blood cells was extended to 42 days and before mandated testing of blood products for the infectious disease markers for hepatitis B and C and HIV, there was an interest in freezing autologous red cells Although the fear of transmission of disease is not as great as it was prior to 1985, freezing O-positive and O-negative donor red blood cells for a 6-month quarantine period would allow time for the donor to be retested to document the presence or absence of infection at the time of retesting. I would now like to describe to you one of the latest work efforts in our laboratory which I consider to be important.
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From page 87... ...
C Robert Valeri: I would say that the total cost of providing previously frozen red blood cells is three times the cost of liquid preservation.
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That was Gerald Moss. When he returned from Vietnam, he went to Cook County and for a period of one to two years, ran the Cook County Blood Bank using frozen deglycerolized red cells.
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From page 89... ...
Haugen from Miami, Florida, has published a paper in the New England Journal of Medicine which reported that the use of frozen deglycerolized red cells was associated with the transmission of hepatitis.
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From page 91... ...
. Ward The Armed Services Blood Program Office, where I have been director for a little over three years, and the Department of Defense are the primary users of frozen blood, so what I want to do today is give you just a little bit of an overview of the Armed Services Blood Program before turning to the topic of frozen blood itself, because our perspective is unique.
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From page 92... ...
We have renamed the two labs ASWBPL-East, at McGuire, and ASWBPL-West, at Travis. Back in the mid-1980s, with the Russian bear looking at us, we were building the capability to store 50,000 units of frozen red cells at ASWBPL-East.
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From page 93... ...
In the frozen state that blood may be shipped directly to a blood product depot, which may be located overseas. The important point is that we have frozen blood at both of those Armed Services Whole Blood Processing Laboratories in the United States, one on the East Coast and one on the West Coast.
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From page 94... ...
As a result, we are working very hard on a thawed blood processing system that will give us a sealed system with an extended postthaw shelf life, beyond five days if possible. In addition, we are making a major effort to look to the future on blood products research and development.
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From page 95... ...
Fortunately, we did not have to provide blood products to Oklahoma City in the wake of the recent bombing. I hope that we'll always have that tremendous outpouring of donor support in the face of such disasters and that, like most insurance, our frozen blood depots won't ever be necessary.
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From page 96... ...
Right now everybody is actually collecting a single unit of red cells Tom a donor. Alvin Drake: Well, if you are going to give me six units in a hurry, I can't believe you are going to get them from the same person, so it won't make much difference if it gets pooled before storage or pooled in me.
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From page 97... ...
97 Eve Lackr~z: You said you keep ~ Shoot of blood on aN your hozeD blood. Do you ago keep abbots Tom all your regular blood?
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From page 99... ...
, have produced an improved version called Research Additive Solution 2 (RAS2) that unequivocally stores packed red cells for seven weeks.
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8. Liquid storage of red cells in a glycerol-containing additive solution.
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From page 101... ...
Extending the liquid storage of red cells will improve the availability of autologous blood to people who want it and, therefore, free up allogeneic blood for other uses. I would like to end this with a plea to support improved storage.
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From page 102... ...
102 BLOOD DONORS AND THE SUPPLY OF BLOOD (bacteria capable of growing at 0~°C) at 42 days or beyond, it is already grossly contaminated at 27 days.
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From page 103... ...
It is difficult to determine when someone needs red cells or when someone benefits from red cells, and it is even more difficult to determine when that person needs a red cell substitute or would benefit from a red cell substitute. With many of the preparations, the major problems to date have been related to safety.
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From page 104... ...
Baxter is working with a cross-linked preparation that is derived from human red blood cells. The Army is working with a very similar product, Biopure, in a joint venture with Upjohn, using bovine hemoglobin from shed bovine blood that is chemically modified.
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From page 105... ...
Perfluorocarbons do not bind oxygen selectively as hemoglobin or red cells do; fluorocarbons simply dissolve the oxygen. Perflubron is a second generation perfluorocarbon which carries more oxygen per amount of oxygen in the air than the first-generation compounds.
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From page 106... ...
When the AIDS crisis gave new stimulus to the development of blood substitutes in the 1980s, there was a large infusion of industrial activity. The military has been interested in red cell substitutes since the late 1970s or early 1980s and has been the mainstay of support for research.
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