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The Effects on the Atmosphere of a Major Nuclear Exchange (1985) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 189-193

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From page 189...
... Index A Aging of aerosols, 131 Alaska, 175 Analogs, 164-69, 174-81 Antigreenhouse effect, 149, 168 Arctic haze, 39, 164-65 Asbestos, 122 Ash and debris particle scavenging, 68 Atmospheric changes, 127-73 baseline case, 2-4 cloudiness and precipitation, 157-58, 162-63 data uncertainty, 5-6, 9 ground fog, 156-57 light-level reduction, 132-36 long-term climate changes, 163-64 from meteor impacts, 40-41, 174, 180-81, 186 models used, 127-28 natural occurrences as analogs, 164-68 optical effects, 132-36 ozone shield reduction, 4, 8, 12, 112-18, 186 particulate clouds, early spread and evolution of, 128-32 research recommendations, 10-12 summary, 1-2, 6-9, 169, 185-87 thermal and circulation changes, multidimensional models, 150-56 thermal changes, one-dimensional models, 136-50 toxic chemicals release, 121-23 troposphere composition, 118-21 from volcanic eruptions, 84, 167, 178-79 water in nuclear clouds, 77, 101-6 winds, 158-62 Australia, 97 B Baseline and excursive nuclear exchanges atmospheric effects, 2-4. See also Atmospheric changes basic assumptions, 13-16 carbon monoxide emissions, 109-110 dust lofted, 3, 7-8, 17, 21-22, 30-33 fireball dynamics, 17-22 fires and smoke emissions, 54-57, 61, 62, 71, 76, 79-87 hydrocarbon emissions, 110-11 nitrogen dioxide emissions, 112 ozone reduction by nitrogen oxides, 113-16 water in nuclear clouds, 77, 101-6 Black rain, 66, 77, 78, 85, 102 Bomb fires Germany, 40, 97-99 189
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From page 190...
... See also Fires D Dibenzofurans, 121 Dimethyl disulfide, 121 Dimethyl sulfide, 120, 121 Dioxins, 121 Droplet scavenging, 66-68, 77-80 Dust, 17-35, 86 amount lofted, baseline and excursion values, 3, 7-8, 17, 30-33 atmospheric effects. See Atmospheric changes data sources, 11, 26-27 from meteor impacts, 2, 21, 32, 174, 180-81, 186 nuclear cloud dynamics, 17-22 optical properties, 28, 30 particle size distributions, 27-28 removal from fire plumes, 77 research recommendations, 10-12 sources of nuclear dust, 17, 22-26 from volcanic eruptions, 167, 174-80 E Earthquakes, 39-40 Extinctions, biological, 2, 174, 180-81, 186 Extraterrestrial impacts, 2, 8-9, 12, 21, 32, 40-41, 174, 180-81, 186 F Fallout, 11, 22, 26 Fire whirls, 36n Fires, 3-4, 7 burning times, 73 data uncertainties, 85 estimation methodology, 36-37 experimental, 41 forest and wildland combustibles, 53, 55-57 forest ignition, 48-50 gaseous emissions, 107-12 historical experiences, 36, 39-41, 97-99 ignition mechanism, 41-46 research recommendations, 11 toxic chemicals release, 121-23 urban combustibles, 51-5S urban ignition, 46-48 water in nuclear clouds, 77, 101-6 See also Smoke emissions Firestorms, 36n, 41, 98 Flame retardants, 61 Fog, 156-57 Forest fires historical experiences, 40-41, 73, 74, 97-98, 165-66 See also Fires; Smoke emissions Franklin, Benjamin, 175
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From page 191...
... Helens eruption, 30, 167, 178, 179 N Nagasaki, 36, 43, 46-48, 66, 77, 78 Nitric oxide, 107-8 Nitrogen oxides, 111-12 ozone shield reduction, 4, 8, 12, 112-18, 186 smog formation, 118, 119 Nuclear tests, 11, 185 ozone reduction by, 117 samples collected from, 26-27 o Oceans, 120-21, 157 Oil fires, 61, 97 Optical depth, 37n, 84 Optical effects of particulate clouds, 7, 132-36 Optical properties dust, 28, 30 smoke, 68-73, 85-87 Organic peroxides, 118 Overpressure, 43n Ozone layer, 104, 118 reduction by nitrogen oxides, 4, 8, 12, 112-18, 186 p Particle size distributions dust particles, 27-28, 32 smoke particles, 61-68, 71-72 Particulate emissions. See Dust; Smoke emissions Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)
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From page 192...
... , 7, 37, 39, 58-59, 61, 62, 131, 165 See also Smoke emissions Stratosphere dust lofted to, 7-8, 17, 31-33 ozone shield reduction, 4, 8, 12, 112-18, 186 smoke injection altitudes, 76 See also Atmospheric changes Sulfur compounds, 120, 121, 175, 178 Sulfuric acid, 178 Sunshine project, 185 Surtsey Island, 97 T Temperature changes, 8 from forest fires, 165-66 from Martian dust storms, 168 multidimensional models, 150-56 one-dimensional models, 136-50 from Sahara dust, 167-68 from volcanic eruptions, 167, 178-79 Toxic chemical releases, 121-23 Troposphere smoke injection altitudes, 73-76 See also Atmospheric changes Tunguska meteor, 40-41 U United States forest fires, 97-98 volcanic eruptions, 30, 167, 175, 178, 179 Urban fires. See Fires; Smoke · .
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From page 193...
... 193 V Volcanic eruptions, 8-9, 12, 28, 30, 77, 84, 167, 174-80 W Water in nuclear clouds, 77, 101-6 Wildland fires. See Fires; Smoke emissions Winds afterwinds, 25 changes in, 158-62 Sahara wind/dust storms, 167-68 World War II, 40
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Key Terms

  • smoke emissions
  • nuclear clouds
  • nitrogen oxides
  • shield reduction
  • ozone shield

  • toxic chemicals
  • injection altitudes
  • carbon monoxide
  • particulate clouds
  • optical properties

  • meteor impacts
  • volcanic eruptions
  • historical experiences
  • size distributions
  • gaseous emissions

  • particle size
  • smoke particles
  • nitric oxide
  • data uncertainties
  • dust lofted

  • multidimensional models
  • smoke injection
  • optical effects
  • ozone reduction
  • forest fires

  • chemicals release
  • model simulations
  • estimation methodology
  • stratosphere dust
  • urban smoke


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