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From page 519... ... monitoring, 47 A pollution prevention, 150-151 ABS, 53 Animal testing, 8, 56, 58 Access to information Antarctica, 39-40 cross-border issues, 207-209 Army Corps of Engineers, 364 environmental quality data, 145 Automobiles EPA policy, 125 alternatives to combustion engines, 10, policy goals, 116 70 for public participation in emission standards, 20-21, 293 policy-making, 207, 340 environmental management in recommendations for, 7 manufacture of, 308 tools for, 340 negative effects, 10, 70 Acid rain, 62-63 Adaptive management, 337-338, 341 Agriculture B PCSD goals, 129, 440 Biodiversity in prairie ecosystem, 276 CENR research goals, 130 Agriculture, U.S. Department of, 145-146, current scientific understanding, 359-360 333-334 Air quality international agreements, 152 CENR research goals, 108, 130 keystone species, 334-335 climate change risk reduction, 103 policy goals, 329-330 current scientific understanding, 333 research needs, 338, 339, 341, 343 demonstration graphics, 161-165 energy system pollution, 62 EPA goals, 102-103, 119 C incentive-based management, 30 Canada, 199, 210-212, 217-219 519 Read the entire page →
From page 520... ... , 18-19, 100 CFCs, 54, 296, 298, 306-307 evaluation of goals, 112-115 Chemical contaminants goals for research, 107-110, 130-134 among causes of death, 460 inter-agency goal comparison, 110, byproducts, 55-56, 57 116-118 CENR research goals, 109-110 Comparative risk assessment corporate management interventions, community-level program, 253-254 318-319 environmental policy projects, 246-247, current scientific understanding, 258 332-333 project design, 246 degradation behavior, 57 recommendations for research, 6, 35 environmental concerns, 51-52 research needs, 31, 32 EPA safety goals, 122 Congress, 419-422, 439 groundwater contamination, 53 recommendations for, 7, 48 historical problems, 52-54 Continuous improvement, 88, 300 industrial ecology system for Corporate environmental management controlling, 77 conceptual approaches, 283-284 industry self-regulation, 302-303 as eco-efficiency, 310 inter-agency goal consistency, 110 goal-setting, 288-296 limitations of current knowledge, 7-8 goal-setting by individual firms, measurement goals, 57-58 297-302 pesticides, 53 goals for, 410-411 predictive modeling, 56-57, 58, 59 industry collaborations, 296, 302-308 recommendations for research, 8, 58-59 industry-government collaborations, regulatory system, 55 296, 308-309 research needs, 56-58, 341 managing for environment, 288, 291, risk assessment, 454-455, 456 309-311 scale effects, 52 measuring performance, 318-320 structure-activity relationship questions regarding, 320-322 prediction, 55, 56 stages of, 285-288 synergistic interactions in environment, voluntary self-regulation, 295-296 57 Cost-benefit analysis Chlorinated solvents, 54 for incentive-based regulation, 5 Chlorinated water, 54 pollution control technology, 27-28 Clean Air Act, 292, 294 public opinion, 183 goals, 99, 102, 293 recommendations for research, 5, 34-35 Clean Water Act, 292, 293, 294 research needs, 31, 32 Coal production and use uncertainty of economic projections, future prospects, 66 456-457 recommendations for research, 9-10, 70 valuation of ecological services for, Coalition for Environmentally 339-340 Responsible Economies, 296, Council on Environmental Quality, 136, 310-311 145 Command-and-control regulation, 29 Critical loads, 214 Commerce, U.S. Department of, 146 Read the entire page →
From page 521... ... prosperity, 440-441, 445 Drinking water industrial ecology perspective, 74 EPA budget, 350 market-oriented environmental policy, EPA goals, 121 254-259, 410-411, 441 motivation to reduce pollution, 287 E PCSD goals, 104-105 population growth, 81, 82 Earth Summit, 151 sustainable development, 83-84 Ecological footprint, 84 uncertainty in economic projections, Ecological knowledge 456-457 for assessing environmental change, valuation of ecological services, 74-75, 332, 337, 341-342 330-331, 339-340 of climate change, 335-336, 341-342 See also Financial issues of ecosystem thresholds, 335 Educational interventions, 412, 447 evolution of, 328, 332 Electricity production and use, 9, 69 of genetic engineering effects, 336-337 Endangered Species Act, 148, 186-187, of habitat loss/fragmentation, 333-334 329, 330 limits of, 328 Energy, U.S. Department of, 146, 355, patterns of species diversity, 338 359, 370, 408-409, 460-461 policy-making applications, 328-329 Energy system for predicting human impacts, 328-329, alternative resources for, 66 341 assessment per capita, 251 public education for, 412, 447 coal-based, 9-10, 66, 70 for resource management, 331-332, current research activities, 65, 426-427 337-338, 340-341 demonstration graphics, 172-178 for setting environmental management economic context, 61-62, 64-65 goals, 329-332, 338-340, 342, 343 efficiency, 62, 65, 67-68 of species addition/removal, 334-335 electricity, 9, 69 of toxic substance effects in environmental effects, 61, 62-64 environment, 332-333 federal oversight, 146 fossil fuel-based, 10, 65-66 Read the entire page →
From page 522... ... air quality goals, 102-103, 119 See also specific federal agencies budget, 348-350, 355, 361-362, 368, funding status of environmental efforts, 370, 394-396 24 chemical product regulation, 55 funding support for regulatory climate change risk reduction, 103 requirements, 32 comparative risk projects, 246 implementation of incentive-based evaluation of goals, 112-115 protection, 32 goals and milestones, 17-19, 99, international comparison of 101-103, 119-125, 150, 433-436 environmental protection costs, inter-agency goal comparison, 110, 210-213 116-118 nuclear fusion energy systems research, mission, 147, 292, 348, 432 67 origins and development, 136, 292, public opinion on environmental 348, 431 spending, 184-185 performance standards, 262 selection of environmental indicators, waste management policy, 103, 123 141-145 EPA. See Environmental Protection See also Economic analysis Agency Fisheries management, 402, 405-406 Epidemiology, 457-458 Food and Drug Administration, 55 Equilibrium state, 328, 332 Food safety/supply, 440, 450-452 Read the entire page →
From page 523... ... INDEX 523 EPA goals, 121 of industry, 20-21, 297-302, 320-322 international trade, 196-197 of industry groups, 302-308 France, 206, 220-222 inter-agency comparison, 112-115, 116-118 inter-agency consistency, 99-100, 110, G 114-115, 457 Genetic engineering, 336-337 knowledge base for decision-making, Germany, 196, 198, 200, 206, 213-214, 38, 328, 329-332, 338-340 222-225 laws vs., 408 Global climate change, 24, 63 market considerations, 262-264, CENR research goals, 108-109, 132 410-411, 441 current understanding, 335-336 measures of success, 111, 112-113 disease risk and, 336 moral context, 411 EPA goals, 103 for national economic sustainability, inter-agency goal consistency, 110 316-318 international efforts, 151 nature of, 288-290 monitoring, 405 NOAA, 403-405 research needs, 341-342, 440 objectives, 289 Goals/goal-setting participants for setting, 263-264 assessment of trade-offs in, 111, 113, performance standards, 262, 404 116 policy mechanisms for achieving, 111, based on rates of change, 13-14, 87-89 113 based on valuation of ecological policymaking environment, 17-19, services, 330-331, 339-340 117-118 CENR, 107-110, 130-134 pollution prevention, 150-151 community-level programs, 253-254 President's Council on Sustainable consensus, 22, 408, 420-421 Development, 104-107, 126-129, contexts for setting, 244-245 437-447 corporate performance evaluation, priorities, 253 318-320 process, 290, 301-302 criteria for evaluation of, 111-112 progress assessment, 111, 113 designers of, 111-112, 114 public perception of environmental risk, for ecological monitoring, 37 21-22, 118 economic growth vs. economic recommendations for, 14, 89 prosperity, 440-441, 445 resource management, 331-332 end-point, 13-14, 88, 89 role of technology for achieving, 424, environmental standards, 20 426-427 EPA, 99, 101-103, 119-125, 150, science policy, 194 433-436 scope of, 111, 112, 117 evolution in corporate sector, 283-284 societal, 15-16, 22-25 as expressed in federal budget, 347, stages of corporate environmental 348, 370-372 management, 290-296 geographic variation, 198-199 state of the art, 117 government-industry coalitions for state policies, 248-254 setting, 308-309 targets, 289-290 inadequate descriptions, 99 time frame, 111, 112, 117 of industrial ecology, 73 unaddressed topics, 115-116, 117 Read the entire page →
From page 524... ... Department of, 146, 355, economic implications of standards 359, 413 selection, 206 National Biological Service, 414-417 evaluation of, 111-112 International comparison for international comparison, 213-215 civil service tradition, 210 Read the entire page →
From page 525... ... leadership role, 446-447 145 Internet, 7 interdisciplinary collaboration, 215-216 ISO standards, 304-305, 318-319 NOAA activities, 402-406 organizational structure for, 7, 43-44, J 48 physical systems data, 40 Japan, 198, 233-235 pressure-state-response model, 45, Justice, U.S. Department of, 146 138-139 for program assessment, 115 K quality control, 42-43 for rates and directions of change, Keystone species, 334-335 13-14, 87-89 Read the entire page →
From page 526... ... 526 INDEX recommendations for, 7, 48 Pesticides, 53 selection of indicators, 44-45, 46, 105 Petroleum energy technological advancement for, 401-402 industry self-regulation, 303-304 See also Indicators of environmental transportation consumption, 10, 70 quality Pharmaceuticals, 55 Moral issues, 411 Population growth economic activity and, 81, 82 as environmental threat, 12, 81-83, 85, N 449 National Aeronautics and Space management strategies, 82 Administration, 355, 359, 368, monitoring, 403 370-371 PCSD goals, 128, 441, 446 National Biological Service, 414-417 policy goals, 84-85 National Environmental Protection Act, policy issues, 13 136, 197 policymaking environment, 12-13, 85 National Forest Management Act, 148 recommendations for policy, 13, 85-86 National Institutes of Health, 357, recommendations for research, 13, 86 364-365, 368 risk assessment, 455 National Oceanic and Atmospheric sustainable development and, 84 Administration, 146, 355, 363, trends, 81, 403 401-406 Prairie ecosystem, 276-279 National Science Foundation, 355, 359 Predictive modeling Natural disasters, 133 chemical products, 56-57, 58, 59 Negotiated conflict resolution, 32 climate change effects, 335 Netherlands, 196, 198, 214-215, 316-318 habitat fragmentation effects, 333-334 North American Free Trade Agreement, need for, 417 152 species addition/removal, 334-335 Nuclear fission, 63-64 status of ecological science, 328-329 current status as energy source, 66-67 toxic exposure methodology, 455 recommendations for research, 10, 70 Presidential-Congressional Commission Nuclear fusion on Risk Assessment and Risk current status as energy source, 67 Management, 453-457 recommendations for research, 10, 70 President's Council on Sustainable research costs, 67 Development, 18-19, 100, 149, 150 evaluation of goals, 112-115 goals, 104-107, 126-129, 443-445 O inter-agency goal comparison, 110, Occupational Safety and Health Act, 55 116-118 Organization for Economic Cooperation origins and development, 437-443 and Development, 212 Pressure-state-response model, 45, Ozone layer, 238 138-139 state measures, 141 Preventive interventions P corporate environmental goals, 283 PCBs, 53, 299 in corporations, 286-288, 291, 294-302 PCSD. See President's Council on industry collaborations for, 302-308 Sustainable Development market incentives, 262, 287 Read the entire page →
From page 527... ... INDEX 527 pollution prevention, 150-151, 449-450 Q systems approach for, 415 Quantitative risk assessment Product design and development for incentive-based regulation, 5 chemical products, 52-55, 58, 59 for noncancer health outcomes, 5, 35 energy systems, 65, 68-69 recommendations for research, 5, 35 environmental management in, 287 research needs, 31, 32 industrial ecology approach, 11, 73-74, 311-313 life-cycle analysis, 301, 312, 314-316 R nuclear fusion energy systems, 67 Radioactive waste, 64 products as services perspective, 74-75 Recycling, 185 recommendations for, 12 economic opportunity, 259-260 Public perception/understanding industry efforts, 305, 308-309 as component of state environmental Regulatory system strategies, 245, 259 accomplishments, 432 confidence in environmentally-safe analytical tools for, 31 economic development, 180-181 of Canada, 217-218 of current environmental status, 182, for chemical products, 55 188 civil service tradition, 210 development of environmental command-and-control approach, 29 consciousness, 291-292, 407, 408 consideration of local conditions, of ecological science, tools for, 340 198-199, 201 electoral significance of environmental continuity, 260-261 issues, 187-188 corporate environmental management of environmental protection strategies, as response to, 285-286, 290-291, 185-187 293-294 of government role in environmental corporate perspective, 294-295 protection, 182-183, 186-187, 412 costs, 4, 27-28 identification with environmental of European Community, 228-230, 233 movement, 181 evolution of, 136, 196-197, 202-203, of indicators of environmental quality, 292-293, 407-408, 421 154-156 executive branch organization, 145-147 of industry self-regulation, 302-305 of France, 220 participation in regulatory process, funding support for, 32 207-209, 446, 450 of Germany, 222-223, 224-225 of risk assessment, 460-461 goals of, 17-19, 408 salience of environmental issues, government-industry coalitions for 181-182 goal-setting, 308-309 of spending for environmental industry efforts to influence, 306, protection, 184-185 307-308 success of environmental strategies and, industry goals and, 20-21 263, 411-412 integrated environmental of trade-offs in environmental policy-making, 197-198 protection, 183-184 international comparison, 194-196, trends, 188-189 202-210, 215-216. See also specific country Read the entire page →
From page 528... ... 528 INDEX of Japan, 233-234 international comparison, 237-238. See legislative component, 99, 203-204 also specific country market functioning, 262-264 international cooperation, 236 model of corporate compliance, in Japan, 234-235 283-284 limits of, 328 obstacles to international coordination, long-term needs, 332, 338, 341, 343 27 National Aeronautics and Space participants in decision-making, 32 Administration, 359 permitting systems, 209-210 population growth, 13, 86 pollution prevention interventions, public health science, 457-461 150-151 quantitative risk assessment, 5, 31, 32, public participation, 207-209 35 public perception, 182-183, 186-187 science and policy-making, 442-443 reform, 115-116, 432-433 scope of environmental science R&D, risk management applications, 451-453 357 role of, 424 state support for science and policy-making, 193-194 environmentally-oriented business, technological development and, 34 254-259 of United Kingdom, 225-226, 227-228 technology trends, 401-402 use of standards, 204-207 transportation system, 10, 70 See also Incentive-based regulation in United Kingdom, 226-227 Renewable energy See also Ecological knowledge; economic considerations, 65 Information management recommendations for research, 9 Resource management Research adaptive management, 337-338, 341 biodiversity, 339 in developing world, 428-429 in Canada, 218-219 ecosystem approach, 147-149, 331, 339 CENR goals, 107-110 effects of habitat loss, 333-334 chemical contamination, 8, 56-59 federal agency activities, 146 climate change, 63, 110 flawed assumptions about limits, comparative risk assessment, 6, 31, 32, 423-424, 425 35 government-owned resources, 351 cost-benefit analysis, 5, 31, 32, 34-35 importance of, 414 development of ecological science, 328, knowledge base for policy-making, 414 331-332, 337-338, 340-341 energy system, 9-10, 65-70 land use planning, 197 environmental component of federal marine fisheries, 402, 405-406 budget, 365-368 modeling human impacts, 328-329 EPA budget, 349, 355, 394-396 proactive, 415 federal environmental budget, 355-365, risk assessment for, 451 371-372 site-specific information, 338, 341, in France, 220-222 342-343 in Germany, 223-224 sustainable development approach, incentive-based regulation, 5-6, 32-35 149-150 industrial ecology, 11 systems approach, 416-417 integrated, 415-417 Risk assessment, 439 interdisciplinary social science, 115 application, 409-410, 450 Read the entire page →
From page 529... ... Department of, 146-147 Trihalomethanes, 54 State-level policymaking and regulation agency goals, 116 community-level programs, 253-254 U comparative risk projects, 246-247, 258 United Kingdom, 196, 197, 199, 200, continuity, 260-262 225-228 environmental technology programs, Urban areas, 84 254-259 Read the entire page →
From page 530... ... 530 INDEX V designated use assessments, 268-269 EPA budget, 349, 350 Volatile organic compounds, 102 EPA goals, 120 Voting patterns, 187-188 proactive interventions, 150-151 regulatory history, 196 W suspended sediment concentration in Waste management streams, 140 CENR goals, 134 Weapons manufacture, 24 CENR research goals, 109-110 Weather monitoring, 402-403, 404-405 EPA goals, 103, 123 White House Office of Science and industrial ecology approach, 73-74, 78 Technology Policy, 7, 48 in manufacturing companies, 298-301, Workplace 318-319 chemical product regulation, 55 radioactive waste, 64 EPA goals, 121 Vermont policy and performance, federal oversight, 146 271-274 Water quality CENR goals, 134 Z current scientific understanding, 333 Zero-emissions, 300 demonstration graphics, 166-171 Read the entire page →

From page 519...

... monitoring, 47 A pollution prevention, 150-151 ABS, 53 Animal testing, 8, 56, 58 Access to information Antarctica, 39-40 cross-border issues, 207-209 Army Corps of Engineers, 364 environmental quality data, 145 Automobiles EPA policy, 125 alternatives to combustion engines, 10, policy goals, 116 70 for public participation in emission standards, 20-21, 293 policy-making, 207, 340 environmental management in recommendations for, 7 manufacture of, 308 tools for, 340 negative effects, 10, 70 Acid rain, 62-63 Adaptive management, 337-338, 341 Agriculture B PCSD goals, 129, 440 Biodiversity in prairie ecosystem, 276 CENR research goals, 130 Agriculture, U.S. Department of, 145-146, current scientific understanding, 359-360 333-334 Air quality international agreements, 152 CENR research goals, 108, 130 keystone species, 334-335 climate change risk reduction, 103 policy goals, 329-330 current scientific understanding, 333 research needs, 338, 339, 341, 343 demonstration graphics, 161-165 energy system pollution, 62 EPA goals, 102-103, 119 C incentive-based management, 30 Canada, 199, 210-212, 217-219 519

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From page 520...

... , 18-19, 100 CFCs, 54, 296, 298, 306-307 evaluation of goals, 112-115 Chemical contaminants goals for research, 107-110, 130-134 among causes of death, 460 inter-agency goal comparison, 110, byproducts, 55-56, 57 116-118 CENR research goals, 109-110 Comparative risk assessment corporate management interventions, community-level program, 253-254 318-319 environmental policy projects, 246-247, current scientific understanding, 258 332-333 project design, 246 degradation behavior, 57 recommendations for research, 6, 35 environmental concerns, 51-52 research needs, 31, 32 EPA safety goals, 122 Congress, 419-422, 439 groundwater contamination, 53 recommendations for, 7, 48 historical problems, 52-54 Continuous improvement, 88, 300 industrial ecology system for Corporate environmental management controlling, 77 conceptual approaches, 283-284 industry self-regulation, 302-303 as eco-efficiency, 310 inter-agency goal consistency, 110 goal-setting, 288-296 limitations of current knowledge, 7-8 goal-setting by individual firms, measurement goals, 57-58 297-302 pesticides, 53 goals for, 410-411 predictive modeling, 56-57, 58, 59 industry collaborations, 296, 302-308 recommendations for research, 8, 58-59 industry-government collaborations, regulatory system, 55 296, 308-309 research needs, 56-58, 341 managing for environment, 288, 291, risk assessment, 454-455, 456 309-311 scale effects, 52 measuring performance, 318-320 structure-activity relationship questions regarding, 320-322 prediction, 55, 56 stages of, 285-288 synergistic interactions in environment, voluntary self-regulation, 295-296 57 Cost-benefit analysis Chlorinated solvents, 54 for incentive-based regulation, 5 Chlorinated water, 54 pollution control technology, 27-28 Clean Air Act, 292, 294 public opinion, 183 goals, 99, 102, 293 recommendations for research, 5, 34-35 Clean Water Act, 292, 293, 294 research needs, 31, 32 Coal production and use uncertainty of economic projections, future prospects, 66 456-457 recommendations for research, 9-10, 70 valuation of ecological services for, Coalition for Environmentally 339-340 Responsible Economies, 296, Council on Environmental Quality, 136, 310-311 145 Command-and-control regulation, 29 Critical loads, 214 Commerce, U.S. Department of, 146

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From page 521...

... prosperity, 440-441, 445 Drinking water industrial ecology perspective, 74 EPA budget, 350 market-oriented environmental policy, EPA goals, 121 254-259, 410-411, 441 motivation to reduce pollution, 287 E PCSD goals, 104-105 population growth, 81, 82 Earth Summit, 151 sustainable development, 83-84 Ecological footprint, 84 uncertainty in economic projections, Ecological knowledge 456-457 for assessing environmental change, valuation of ecological services, 74-75, 332, 337, 341-342 330-331, 339-340 of climate change, 335-336, 341-342 See also Financial issues of ecosystem thresholds, 335 Educational interventions, 412, 447 evolution of, 328, 332 Electricity production and use, 9, 69 of genetic engineering effects, 336-337 Endangered Species Act, 148, 186-187, of habitat loss/fragmentation, 333-334 329, 330 limits of, 328 Energy, U.S. Department of, 146, 355, patterns of species diversity, 338 359, 370, 408-409, 460-461 policy-making applications, 328-329 Energy system for predicting human impacts, 328-329, alternative resources for, 66 341 assessment per capita, 251 public education for, 412, 447 coal-based, 9-10, 66, 70 for resource management, 331-332, current research activities, 65, 426-427 337-338, 340-341 demonstration graphics, 172-178 for setting environmental management economic context, 61-62, 64-65 goals, 329-332, 338-340, 342, 343 efficiency, 62, 65, 67-68 of species addition/removal, 334-335 electricity, 9, 69 of toxic substance effects in environmental effects, 61, 62-64 environment, 332-333 federal oversight, 146 fossil fuel-based, 10, 65-66

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From page 522...

... air quality goals, 102-103, 119 See also specific federal agencies budget, 348-350, 355, 361-362, 368, funding status of environmental efforts, 370, 394-396 24 chemical product regulation, 55 funding support for regulatory climate change risk reduction, 103 requirements, 32 comparative risk projects, 246 implementation of incentive-based evaluation of goals, 112-115 protection, 32 goals and milestones, 17-19, 99, international comparison of 101-103, 119-125, 150, 433-436 environmental protection costs, inter-agency goal comparison, 110, 210-213 116-118 nuclear fusion energy systems research, mission, 147, 292, 348, 432 67 origins and development, 136, 292, public opinion on environmental 348, 431 spending, 184-185 performance standards, 262 selection of environmental indicators, waste management policy, 103, 123 141-145 EPA. See Environmental Protection See also Economic analysis Agency Fisheries management, 402, 405-406 Epidemiology, 457-458 Food and Drug Administration, 55 Equilibrium state, 328, 332 Food safety/supply, 440, 450-452

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From page 523...

... INDEX 523 EPA goals, 121 of industry, 20-21, 297-302, 320-322 international trade, 196-197 of industry groups, 302-308 France, 206, 220-222 inter-agency comparison, 112-115, 116-118 inter-agency consistency, 99-100, 110, G 114-115, 457 Genetic engineering, 336-337 knowledge base for decision-making, Germany, 196, 198, 200, 206, 213-214, 38, 328, 329-332, 338-340 222-225 laws vs., 408 Global climate change, 24, 63 market considerations, 262-264, CENR research goals, 108-109, 132 410-411, 441 current understanding, 335-336 measures of success, 111, 112-113 disease risk and, 336 moral context, 411 EPA goals, 103 for national economic sustainability, inter-agency goal consistency, 110 316-318 international efforts, 151 nature of, 288-290 monitoring, 405 NOAA, 403-405 research needs, 341-342, 440 objectives, 289 Goals/goal-setting participants for setting, 263-264 assessment of trade-offs in, 111, 113, performance standards, 262, 404 116 policy mechanisms for achieving, 111, based on rates of change, 13-14, 87-89 113 based on valuation of ecological policymaking environment, 17-19, services, 330-331, 339-340 117-118 CENR, 107-110, 130-134 pollution prevention, 150-151 community-level programs, 253-254 President's Council on Sustainable consensus, 22, 408, 420-421 Development, 104-107, 126-129, contexts for setting, 244-245 437-447 corporate performance evaluation, priorities, 253 318-320 process, 290, 301-302 criteria for evaluation of, 111-112 progress assessment, 111, 113 designers of, 111-112, 114 public perception of environmental risk, for ecological monitoring, 37 21-22, 118 economic growth vs. economic recommendations for, 14, 89 prosperity, 440-441, 445 resource management, 331-332 end-point, 13-14, 88, 89 role of technology for achieving, 424, environmental standards, 20 426-427 EPA, 99, 101-103, 119-125, 150, science policy, 194 433-436 scope of, 111, 112, 117 evolution in corporate sector, 283-284 societal, 15-16, 22-25 as expressed in federal budget, 347, stages of corporate environmental 348, 370-372 management, 290-296 geographic variation, 198-199 state of the art, 117 government-industry coalitions for state policies, 248-254 setting, 308-309 targets, 289-290 inadequate descriptions, 99 time frame, 111, 112, 117 of industrial ecology, 73 unaddressed topics, 115-116, 117

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From page 524...

... Department of, 146, 355, economic implications of standards 359, 413 selection, 206 National Biological Service, 414-417 evaluation of, 111-112 International comparison for international comparison, 213-215 civil service tradition, 210

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From page 525...

... leadership role, 446-447 145 Internet, 7 interdisciplinary collaboration, 215-216 ISO standards, 304-305, 318-319 NOAA activities, 402-406 organizational structure for, 7, 43-44, J 48 physical systems data, 40 Japan, 198, 233-235 pressure-state-response model, 45, Justice, U.S. Department of, 146 138-139 for program assessment, 115 K quality control, 42-43 for rates and directions of change, Keystone species, 334-335 13-14, 87-89

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From page 526...

... 526 INDEX recommendations for, 7, 48 Pesticides, 53 selection of indicators, 44-45, 46, 105 Petroleum energy technological advancement for, 401-402 industry self-regulation, 303-304 See also Indicators of environmental transportation consumption, 10, 70 quality Pharmaceuticals, 55 Moral issues, 411 Population growth economic activity and, 81, 82 as environmental threat, 12, 81-83, 85, N 449 National Aeronautics and Space management strategies, 82 Administration, 355, 359, 368, monitoring, 403 370-371 PCSD goals, 128, 441, 446 National Biological Service, 414-417 policy goals, 84-85 National Environmental Protection Act, policy issues, 13 136, 197 policymaking environment, 12-13, 85 National Forest Management Act, 148 recommendations for policy, 13, 85-86 National Institutes of Health, 357, recommendations for research, 13, 86 364-365, 368 risk assessment, 455 National Oceanic and Atmospheric sustainable development and, 84 Administration, 146, 355, 363, trends, 81, 403 401-406 Prairie ecosystem, 276-279 National Science Foundation, 355, 359 Predictive modeling Natural disasters, 133 chemical products, 56-57, 58, 59 Negotiated conflict resolution, 32 climate change effects, 335 Netherlands, 196, 198, 214-215, 316-318 habitat fragmentation effects, 333-334 North American Free Trade Agreement, need for, 417 152 species addition/removal, 334-335 Nuclear fission, 63-64 status of ecological science, 328-329 current status as energy source, 66-67 toxic exposure methodology, 455 recommendations for research, 10, 70 Presidential-Congressional Commission Nuclear fusion on Risk Assessment and Risk current status as energy source, 67 Management, 453-457 recommendations for research, 10, 70 President's Council on Sustainable research costs, 67 Development, 18-19, 100, 149, 150 evaluation of goals, 112-115 goals, 104-107, 126-129, 443-445 O inter-agency goal comparison, 110, Occupational Safety and Health Act, 55 116-118 Organization for Economic Cooperation origins and development, 437-443 and Development, 212 Pressure-state-response model, 45, Ozone layer, 238 138-139 state measures, 141 Preventive interventions P corporate environmental goals, 283 PCBs, 53, 299 in corporations, 286-288, 291, 294-302 PCSD. See President's Council on industry collaborations for, 302-308 Sustainable Development market incentives, 262, 287

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From page 527...

... INDEX 527 pollution prevention, 150-151, 449-450 Q systems approach for, 415 Quantitative risk assessment Product design and development for incentive-based regulation, 5 chemical products, 52-55, 58, 59 for noncancer health outcomes, 5, 35 energy systems, 65, 68-69 recommendations for research, 5, 35 environmental management in, 287 research needs, 31, 32 industrial ecology approach, 11, 73-74, 311-313 life-cycle analysis, 301, 312, 314-316 R nuclear fusion energy systems, 67 Radioactive waste, 64 products as services perspective, 74-75 Recycling, 185 recommendations for, 12 economic opportunity, 259-260 Public perception/understanding industry efforts, 305, 308-309 as component of state environmental Regulatory system strategies, 245, 259 accomplishments, 432 confidence in environmentally-safe analytical tools for, 31 economic development, 180-181 of Canada, 217-218 of current environmental status, 182, for chemical products, 55 188 civil service tradition, 210 development of environmental command-and-control approach, 29 consciousness, 291-292, 407, 408 consideration of local conditions, of ecological science, tools for, 340 198-199, 201 electoral significance of environmental continuity, 260-261 issues, 187-188 corporate environmental management of environmental protection strategies, as response to, 285-286, 290-291, 185-187 293-294 of government role in environmental corporate perspective, 294-295 protection, 182-183, 186-187, 412 costs, 4, 27-28 identification with environmental of European Community, 228-230, 233 movement, 181 evolution of, 136, 196-197, 202-203, of indicators of environmental quality, 292-293, 407-408, 421 154-156 executive branch organization, 145-147 of industry self-regulation, 302-305 of France, 220 participation in regulatory process, funding support for, 32 207-209, 446, 450 of Germany, 222-223, 224-225 of risk assessment, 460-461 goals of, 17-19, 408 salience of environmental issues, government-industry coalitions for 181-182 goal-setting, 308-309 of spending for environmental industry efforts to influence, 306, protection, 184-185 307-308 success of environmental strategies and, industry goals and, 20-21 263, 411-412 integrated environmental of trade-offs in environmental policy-making, 197-198 protection, 183-184 international comparison, 194-196, trends, 188-189 202-210, 215-216. See also specific country

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From page 528...

... 528 INDEX of Japan, 233-234 international comparison, 237-238. See legislative component, 99, 203-204 also specific country market functioning, 262-264 international cooperation, 236 model of corporate compliance, in Japan, 234-235 283-284 limits of, 328 obstacles to international coordination, long-term needs, 332, 338, 341, 343 27 National Aeronautics and Space participants in decision-making, 32 Administration, 359 permitting systems, 209-210 population growth, 13, 86 pollution prevention interventions, public health science, 457-461 150-151 quantitative risk assessment, 5, 31, 32, public participation, 207-209 35 public perception, 182-183, 186-187 science and policy-making, 442-443 reform, 115-116, 432-433 scope of environmental science R&D, risk management applications, 451-453 357 role of, 424 state support for science and policy-making, 193-194 environmentally-oriented business, technological development and, 34 254-259 of United Kingdom, 225-226, 227-228 technology trends, 401-402 use of standards, 204-207 transportation system, 10, 70 See also Incentive-based regulation in United Kingdom, 226-227 Renewable energy See also Ecological knowledge; economic considerations, 65 Information management recommendations for research, 9 Resource management Research adaptive management, 337-338, 341 biodiversity, 339 in developing world, 428-429 in Canada, 218-219 ecosystem approach, 147-149, 331, 339 CENR goals, 107-110 effects of habitat loss, 333-334 chemical contamination, 8, 56-59 federal agency activities, 146 climate change, 63, 110 flawed assumptions about limits, comparative risk assessment, 6, 31, 32, 423-424, 425 35 government-owned resources, 351 cost-benefit analysis, 5, 31, 32, 34-35 importance of, 414 development of ecological science, 328, knowledge base for policy-making, 414 331-332, 337-338, 340-341 energy system, 9-10, 65-70 land use planning, 197 environmental component of federal marine fisheries, 402, 405-406 budget, 365-368 modeling human impacts, 328-329 EPA budget, 349, 355, 394-396 proactive, 415 federal environmental budget, 355-365, risk assessment for, 451 371-372 site-specific information, 338, 341, in France, 220-222 342-343 in Germany, 223-224 sustainable development approach, incentive-based regulation, 5-6, 32-35 149-150 industrial ecology, 11 systems approach, 416-417 integrated, 415-417 Risk assessment, 439 interdisciplinary social science, 115 application, 409-410, 450

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From page 529...

... Department of, 146-147 Trihalomethanes, 54 State-level policymaking and regulation agency goals, 116 community-level programs, 253-254 U comparative risk projects, 246-247, 258 United Kingdom, 196, 197, 199, 200, continuity, 260-262 225-228 environmental technology programs, Urban areas, 84 254-259

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From page 530...

... 530 INDEX V designated use assessments, 268-269 EPA budget, 349, 350 Volatile organic compounds, 102 EPA goals, 120 Voting patterns, 187-188 proactive interventions, 150-151 regulatory history, 196 W suspended sediment concentration in Waste management streams, 140 CENR goals, 134 Weapons manufacture, 24 CENR research goals, 109-110 Weather monitoring, 402-403, 404-405 EPA goals, 103, 123 White House Office of Science and industrial ecology approach, 73-74, 78 Technology Policy, 7, 48 in manufacturing companies, 298-301, Workplace 318-319 chemical product regulation, 55 radioactive waste, 64 EPA goals, 121 Vermont policy and performance, federal oversight, 146 271-274 Water quality CENR goals, 134 Z current scientific understanding, 333 Zero-emissions, 300 demonstration graphics, 166-171

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Index Pages 517-530

Index
Pages 517-530