Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants Volume 3 (1996) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Guidelines for Developing Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants: Executive Summary
Appendix A: Guidelines for Developing Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants: Executive Summary
Pages 9-18
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1992. Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants.
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NASA is concerned about the health, safety, and functional abilities of crews exposed to these contaminants. This report, prepared by the Committee on Toxicology of the National Research Council's Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, is in response to a request from NASA for guidelines to develop spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs)
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A subsystem of the ECESS, the atmosphere revitalization system, which includes a mass spectrometer called the major constituent analyzer, will analyze cabin air for 02, N2, H2, CO, H 20, and CH 4 in all areas of the habitation and laboratory modules. A design criterion for the atmosphere revitalization subsystem is the maintenance of spacestation exposure levels below the iS0-day SMACs under normal conditions.
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These sources provide information on a variety of health effects including mortality, morbidity, clinical signs and symptoms, pulmonary effects, neurobehavioral effects, immunotoxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, pathology, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and biochemical and enzyme changes. Chem~cal-Physical Characteristics of Tox~cants The chemical and physical characteristics of a substance provide valuable information on potential tissue dosimetry of the compound within the body and on its likely toxic effects.
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Data from clinical inhalation exposures are most useful because inhalation is the most likely route of exposure. Human toxicity data also are available from epidemiological studies of long-term industrial exposures, from short-term high-level exposures following accidents, or from therapeutic uses of some pharmaceutical agents.
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Despite these limitations, if the populations studied are large enough and have been exposed to high enough doses over a sufficient period to allow for the expression of disease, epidemiological studies usually provide valuable information on the effects of exposure in humans without resorting to cross-species extrapolation or to exposing humans in an experimental situation to possible injuries from chemical hazards. Pha~macokinetics and Metabolism Evaluation of the health effects of any chemical in a given environment is greatly facilitated by an understanding of its physiological disposition in the body.
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RISK ASSESSMENT (DEVELOPMENT OF EXPOSURE CRITERIA) The assessment of toxicants that do not induce carcinogenic or mutagenic effects traditionally has been based on the concept that an adverse health effect will not occur below a certain level of exposure, even if exposure continues over a lifetime.
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determining 30or IS0-day SMACs for carcinogens based on toxicological or epidemio{ogical studies that often involve long-term or lifetime exposure; (3) considering limits set by the Occupational Safety and Health Adrninistration, the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, and the National Research Council in developing SMACs; (4)
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