Tactical Display for Soldiers Human Factors Considerations (1997) / Chapter Skim
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1 THE MILITARY ENVIRONMENT
1 THE MILITARY ENVIRONMENT
Pages 7-26
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From page 7... ...
Advanced weapons systems and new technologies offer the possibility of increasing individual and unit performance. Advanced weapons technology linked with rapidly unfolding information technology holds the promise of increased speed, accuracy, and lethality for the Land Warrior of what the Army calls "Force XXI" (U.S.
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From page 8... ...
Future Infantry Combat Since the end of World War II, the infantry, like the entire Army, has been prepared to respond to a broad range of combat and combat environments. Infantry soldiers have been trained to meet the challenge of high-intensity nuclear war in Europe; to mid-intensity conflict in Europe, the Middle East, and Korea; and low-intensity conflict in Third World countries around the world.
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From page 9... ...
Increased distances and faster tempos add emphasis to the need to prepare individual soldiers and small units to overcome the fear and uncertainty caused by isolation and rapidly occurring battlefield events. In the past, the cohesion and fighting confidence within a squad or platoon could be maintained by the close proximity of the unit members, by direct and personal leader contact, by local visual contact, and by the direct reinforcement of hand and voice signals.
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From page 10... ...
The complex technology and pervasive impact of the proposed Land Warrior System on infantry soldiers raise a number of basic doctrine questions about the autonomy of an individual soldier. Is it a design objective to give tomorrow's land warriors information that could allow them to make more independent decisions about their individual tactical actions?
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From page 11... ...
Detection and identification rely on the ability to perceive obstacles in the environment, the layout of the terrain, and the location of the present site within the more general situation. For small unit combat actions, this infantry capability is supported by at least three other essential capabilities: accuracy by unit leaders in knowing and reporting their unit's location; the accuracy and timeliness with which unit leaders know the location of friendly units and elements within the range of the weapon systems they control; and the ability to report enemy locations accurately, rapidly, and stealthily.
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From page 12... ...
Many of these critical infantry tasks overlap and recur many times across all squad and platoon missions. Table 1-1 highlights the critical Land Warrior battle tasks for an infantry soldier, squad leader, and platoon leader for three of the most significant infantry missions: reconnaissance, attack, and defend.
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From page 13... ...
Knowing friendly positions and the location of the enemy accurately is essential if requests for fire support are to be timely and effective. In the future, because of the potential for increased dispersion and more rapid movement, it will be more imperative and time-sensitive for those in higher-level command and control positions to know the exact location of all friendly forces in order to provide responsive coordinated support and at the same time avoid casualties from friendly fire.
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From page 17... ...
The critical tasks that the helmet-mounted display supports include controlling direct fires, maneuver, and coordinating indirect fire support. A successful squad attack requires a squad leader to rapidly adjust the direct fires of his unit; accurately report the situation, including the location of his unit; make timely calls of fire support; and control the maneuver of his squad.
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From page 18... ...
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From page 21... ...
Communication technology allows soldiers to feel a part of a unit despite geographical separation. In contrast, a display that reduces vision in daylight, induces motion sickness, increases workload and reading time, causes discomfort, or requires constant adjustment will negatively affect individual confidence and unit cohesion.
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From page 22... ...
Decision Making The use of new technologies to improve communication, provide rapid access to data on enemy and friendly positions, improve soldier protection, and provide more accurate daytime and nighttime engagement systems implies improved combat effectiveness. Command and control at the battalion task force and higher levels should improve; it is not evident, however, that the use of new technology will help the squad leader during wartime operations as much as it does higher echelons of command.
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From page 23... ...
Under these conditions, it is anticipated that the squad leader will be slow and deliberate and will gain in speed only with training; as a result, his initial workload levels will be very high. When these new tasks are combined with the time stress associated with battle, many squad leaders will be overloaded.
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From page 24... ...
Such operations pose a unique set of challenges, which require exercising a different degree of control over the use of military force than conventional wartime operations, with relatively clear rules of engagement. Whether or not the technology will improve battlefield effectiveness will be determined in part by the quality and timeliness of the decisions made by the squad leader and the chain of command.
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From page 25... ...
The most advanced technical capabilities will not improve human performance unless the system is reliable and builds confidence. Second, what are the limitations of the cognitive, psychological, and physical capabilities of the infantry soldiers in the active force, the National Guard, and the Army Reserve who will use the Land Warrior System?
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From page 26... ...
Given the lack of information about human performance with helmet-mounted displays in which the body is in motion, a comprehensive test program is needed that considers helmet stability, helmet display capabilities, perceptual understanding and comprehension, and variance associated with individual differences. Fourth, what are the critical issues in selection, retention, and training of future infantry soldiers?
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