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Vaccines for the 21st Century A Tool for Decisionmaking (2000) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix 12: Influenza A and B
Pages 223-232

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From page 223...
... allow the influenza virus to evade preexisting immunity and evolve into pandemics and epidemics. The highly contagious influenza virus accounts for many epidemics and pandemics of respiratory illnesses.
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From page 224...
... Disease Scenarios For the purposes of the calculation in this report, the committee assumed that 98% of influenza infections are associated with a moderate to severe respiratory illness not requiring hospitalization. It was assumed that most of these infections require only 3 days of bed rest and 2 weeks of mild recovery.
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From page 227...
... ease that everyone requiring bed rest for acute influenza infection incurs costs for an over-the-counter symptomatic treatment. The cost calculations include one visit to a physician and a prescription medication for 20% of the patients during the acute phase.
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From page 228...
... . sinusitis bed rest 50% $50 1.0 physician a 20% $50 1.0 medication b 100% $10 1.0 medication a sinusitis 50% $50 1.0 medication b 100% $10 1.0 medication a discomfort following bed 50% $50 1.0 physician a rest Respiratory illness with post influenza fatigue bed rest 50% $50 1.0 physician a 50% $50 1.0 medication b 100% $10 1.0 medication a discomfort following bed 50% $10 1.0 medication a rest post-influenza fatigue 50% $50 1.0 physician a Pneumonia acute care and ICU 100% $50 1.0 physician a together percentage of cases 100% $4,000 I.0 hospitalization adjusted 100% $100 1.0 physician b 100% $100 1.0 diagnostic b recuperation 100% $50 1.0 physician a 100% $50 1.0 medication b 100% $10 1.0 medication a VACCINE DEVELOPMENT The committee assumed that it will take 7 years until licensure of a influenza vaccine and that $360 million needs to be invested.
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From page 229...
... Using committee assumptions of less-than-ideal efficacy and utilization and including time and monetary costs until a vaccine program is implemented, the annualized present value of the QALYs gained would be 125,000. If a vaccine program for influenza were implemented today and the vaccine was 100% efficacious and utilized by 100% of the target population, the annualized present value of the health care costs saved would be $6.4 billion.
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From page 230...
... READING LIST Barker WH. Excess Pneumonia and Influenza Associated Hospitalization during Influenza Epidemics in the United States, 197~78.
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From page 231...
... Health Impact of Influenza. American Journal of Public Health 1993; 83:1712-1716.
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Key Terms

  • target population
  • committee assumptions
  • influenza virus
  • respiratory illness
  • using committee

  • care costs
  • monetary costs
  • incidence rates
  • including time
  • bed rest

  • influenza infections
  • committee assumed
  • mortality weekly
  • weekly report
  • qalys gained

  • qaly gained
  • chronic disease
  • vaccine development
  • severe respiratory
  • summarizes vaccine

  • infected cells
  • vaccines considered
  • influenza infection
  • antigenic shift
  • sialic acid

  • costs saved
  • program cost
  • costs calculated
  • hospitalization costs
  • current influenza


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