Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants Volume 1 (1997) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
1 - Introduction
1 - Introduction
Pages 11-25
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From page 11... ...
in wartime operations for screening armed forces from view, deceiving the enemy, signaling frienclly forces, and identifying enemy targets. Obscurants are used to hinder target acquisition, visual communication, ant!
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From page 12... ...
, and the generic name the military attaches to the HCE ZnO smokes is hexachloroethane smoke or HC smoke. Most of the HCE-ZnO mixture produced for the military is used in smoke pots or cylindrical metal canisters containing the HCE ZnO mixture along with a pyrotechnic charge that, when ignited, provides the heat necessary to generate the HC smoke.
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From page 13... ...
Phosphorus artillery and mortar smoke rounds are used primarily for projecting smoke on the enemy, and the smoke screen can be greater than 500 m long. These smoke rounds are usually fired onto the munition impact zones.
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From page 14... ...
Army policy for training military personnel in valving smokes or other obscurants requires that personnel carry protective masks when participating in exercises that include the use of obscurants (Eckelbarger 1985~. Personnel are required to wear protective masks)
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From page 15... ...
We U.S. Army policy also requires showering and laundering of clothing following training exercises to eliminate the risk of skin irritation from exposure to smoke.
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From page 16... ...
review the data on the tax icily of military smokes and obscurants and recommend exposure guidance levels for military personnel during combat training and for the general public residing or working near military "raining facilities. The NRC assigned this project to the Committee on Tox~col ogy (COT)
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From page 17... ...
not cause irreversible harm or seriously affect judgment or per formance. The EEGL for a substance represents the subcommit tee's judgment based on evaluation of experimental and epidemic logical ciata, mechanisms of injury, and, when possible, operating conditions in which an emergency exposure might occur, as well as consideration of U.S.
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From page 18... ...
Effects of exposure on the developing embryo and fetus and on the reproductive capacity of men and women also are con siclered in setting a SPEGL For purposes of assessing military smokes and other obscu rants for the Army, the subcommittee developed two additional guidance levels, PEGEs and PPEGEs. The subcommittee defines a PEGL as the concentration of a substance in air to which healthy military personnel can be exposed repeateclly, up to a specified total exposure on a weekly basis (usually 8 hr per day, 5 days per week)
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From page 19... ...
The OSHA and ACGIH values are not relevant for the general public. Definitions of Exposure Guidance Levels for Military Smokes and Obscurants EEGL Emergency exposure guidance level for a rare, emergency situation resulting in an unanticipated exposure of military personnel for less than 24 hr.
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From page 20... ...
and then explains how procedures differ for the remaining three types of exposure guid ance levels. Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels (EEGEs)
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From page 21... ...
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 1990~. When NOAEL values obtained from laboratory animals are used to esti mate exposure guidelines for humans, the subcommittee adopts the NRC Safe Drinking Water Committee (NRC 1977)
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From page 22... ...
and Permissible Public Exposure Guidance Levels (PPEGEs) Although the NRC has not published guidelines for develop ing PEGEs and PPEGEs, the subcommittee follows the same ap preach as that recommended for EEGEs and SPEGEs, with modi fications that reflect the repeated nature of exposures.
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From page 23... ...
SPEGl~s generally are clevelopect by taking the EEGI, for healthy military personnel and applying an additional uncertainty factor to protect all members of the public, including sensitive sub groups, such as the elderly, children, and the developing embryo or fetus. In the absence of specific data on variation in human sensitivity to a smoke, the subcommittee assumes that some sub groups could be up to 10 times more sensitive than healthy mili tary personnel.
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From page 24... ...
Each chapter also includes a discussion of to~cokinetics and a summary of the available toxicity ciata on the smoke. Following a clescrtption of existing recommended exposure limits, each chapter presents the subcommittee's evaluation of the toxicity clata and development of the exposure guidance levels.
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From page 25... ...
1992a. Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances.
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