Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants Volume 1 (1997) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
2 - Diesel-Fuel Smoke
2 - Diesel-Fuel Smoke
Pages 26-59
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 26... ...
to this aerosol in routine training situations and in actual combat, its effects on their performance and health are of interest. Physical and Chemical Properties Diesel fuel is a mixture of aliphatic, olefinic, anct aromatic hydrocarbons obtained from the distillation of petroleum.
|
From page 27... ...
As defined in the U.S. Chemical Substances Inventory uncler the Toxic Substances Control Act, diesel fuels consist of hydrocarbons with carbon numbers predominantly in the range of Cg to C20 and boils in the range of 163 to 357°C (lARC 19891.
|
From page 28... ...
(1983) found that vehicle exhaust contributed only 1% to 2% of the total hydrocarbon concentration of the smoke.
|
From page 29... ...
TOXICITY SUMMARY Effects in Humans Although extensive data are available on the health effects of combusted diesel fuel exhaust, little information is available on the health effects of uncombustec! diesel fuel smoke in humans.
|
From page 30... ...
Carcinogenic Effects DF2 was positive when tested as a tumor promoter in the SENCAR mouse skin tumorigenesis bioassay but was negative as a complete carcinogen in the same assay (Slaga et al.
|
From page 31... ...
For one time exposures, the product of exposure concentration and time is pro vicled. One-Time Exposures [etha/ity.
|
From page 32... ...
from the M60A1 tank also involves normal exhaust emission from internal engine combustion, the concentration of the exhaust component was monitored. The hydrocarbon concentration from the exhaust of the engine was only 1% to 2% of the total smoke plus exhaust hydrocarbon concentration.
|
From page 33... ...
animals were in the respiratory tract. Lesions were found in the nasal turbinates and lungs, and included congestion in the nasal turbinate, bronchopneumonia, bronchitis, peribronchiolitis, pertbronchiolar Iymphocytosis, pulmonary histiocytosis, and pull monary congestion with eclema and hemorrhage.
|
From page 34... ...
(1984) conducted a 13 week study to determine if there were cumulative toxic effects from repeated exposures to low concentrations of diesel fuel smoke.
|
From page 35... ...
to the lowest exposure concentration stick not differ signifi cantly from that in the sham exposer! group.
|
From page 36... ...
at the highest concentration, for which every value mea sured at every time point through 2 months of recovery was higher than that in the sham exposed controls. Males exposed at the two lowest concentrations also showed some statistically significant increases in peak time through ~ month of recovery.
|
From page 37... ...
Total ravaged cells, as well as alveolar macrophages, showed some variable increases in the exposed animals, but by 2 months of recovery, differences between exposed and control groups in either males or females were not significant. The small increases seen in alveolar macrophages were not exposure concentration cle penclent.
|
From page 38... ...
Examinations of animals were con ducted within 2 days of the last exposure or after a 2 week recovery period using neurotoxicological tests, pulmonary function tests, and evaluations of hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights, and histopathology. A CT product of 8,000 mg~hr/m3 was used as a lower exposure concentration, and 12,000 mg~hr/m3 as an upper concentration, at which some deaths might be expected.
|
From page 39... ...
The number of lavagecI alveolar cells correlated well with histological observations, remaining elevated after the 2 week exposure period. Lung volumes were altered by exposure with an increased FRC, c3ecreasecI TEC, and decreased VC.
|
From page 40... ...
higher in ravage fluid from exposed rats than from controls, but the neutrophils that were present in high numbers 2 clays after exposure were now at control levels. Lung wet weights were still increased 2 weeks after the final exposure, but were slightly less than weights measured 2 clays after the final exposure.
|
From page 41... ...
1987~. The exposure concentrations of tank exhaust and DF2 smoke were the same as those for the prenatal study.
|
From page 42... ...
It is well known that average pup body weight tends to be inversely related to litter size, and that relationship was borne out in the comparison of the other exposure groups with the controls. For example, the 60 min exhaust exposed group also had slightly larger litters than controls, and pup body weight gain was slightly, but not significantly, small er in this group than in controls.
|
From page 43... ...
only one test exposure concentration was used. Screening Tests for Mutagenicity A sample of diesel fuel containing 23.9% aromatics was neg alive for mutagenic potential in the Salmonella reversion and mouse Iymphoma assays, both with ant!
|
From page 45... ...
45 em 3 ~ ~ ~ -9 ec ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ re ~ et ~ ~ ~ In: ~ ~ ~ con ~ t\l ~ e`S o to o ~o lo to ~lo ~z ~z z ~ lo lo to to to to to to to lo to to to to to to o o o o o o o o o o o d" \D O O O c%)
|
From page 46... ...
46 u A: , ~ o ._ Cal o Em, .§ Cal _ U3 Gel .o ~ o U)
|
From page 47... ...
47 4 _ ~Go co Go .
|
From page 48... ...
48 Cat 4 o ._ em ~ _ o V en !
|
From page 49... ...
49 4~ - oo ~ o .k 3 ~ o Z ~ ~ 4 - 5 so I .o ~ o no ° V)
|
From page 50... ...
2 months after the ens} of the exposures. The results indicated little toxicity at exposure con centrations of up to 1,600 mg/m3, except for weight losses at all exposure concentrations, minimal pulmonary function changes at the highest exposure concentration, and small reversible changes in time to peak startle response.
|
From page 51... ...
The ACG1H TEV TWA value for clie set fuel of 350 mg/m3 refers to total hydrocarbons as vapor, not as an aerosol of the total fuel (ACGTH 19951. SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS On the basis of the toxicity information clescribed above, the subcommittee has developed exposure guidance levels for military personnel exposed during an emergency release or during regular training exercises and for communities nearby training facilities to protect them from emergency or repeated releases of diesel fuel smoke.
|
From page 52... ...
Permissible Exposure Guidance Level (PEGL) 2 The most relevant toxicity study for recommending PEG Ls iGuidance for a rare, emergency situation resulting in an exposure of military personnel.
|
From page 53... ...
reduced weight gains that resulted in weight deficits of greater than 10% for males, as compared with sham exposed rats at the two highest exposure concentrations and with females even at the lowest exposure concentration. At the lowest exposure con centration, the weight deficit clic!
|
From page 54... ...
Permissible Public Exposure Guidance Level (PPEGL) 4 This value is equal to the PEGS cliviclecI by 10 to protect sen sitive members of the public (NRC 1986~.
|
From page 55... ...
The CT product for the PPEGEs is the same as the CT product for the SPEGEs; however, the maximum exposure concentration and rate of exposure are less for the PPEGEs than for the SPEGEs. Summary of Subcommittee Recommendations The exposure guidance levels for clieset fuel smoke for mili tary personnel are summarized in Table 2 3.
|
From page 56... ...
to smoke during training exercises over several years. Toxicity studies conducted over exposure aura lions longer than 10 weeks, perhaps up to ~ or 2 years, would pro vice the information necessary to evaluate human health risks clue to years of exposure to diesel fuel smoke cluring training exercises.
|
From page 57... ...
Inhata tion Toxicology of Diesel Fuel Obscurant Aerosol in Sprague Daw fey Rats, Final Report, Phase 2, Repeated Exposures.
|
From page 58... ...
Pp. 219 237 in IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carci nogenic Risks to Humans Occupational Exposures in Petroleum Refining; Crude Oil and Major Petroleum Fuels, Vol.
|
From page 59... ...
1986. Criteria and Methods for Preparing Emergency Exposure Guidance Level (EEGL)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.