Biographical Memoirs Volume 44 (1974) / Chapter Skim
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5. Howard Bishop Lewis
5. Howard Bishop Lewis
Pages 142-177
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In: The American Philosophical Society Year Book, pp.
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18 pp. (First Annual Alpheus W
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ROSE AND MINOR J COON HOWARD BISHOP LEWIS died in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on March 7, 1954, after a prolonged illness.
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During much of his college career Lewis found it necessary to finance his training by tutoring and other extracurricular activities. During one summer, Professor Mendel obtained employment for him in the laboratories of the Connecticut State Hospital at Middletown.
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He accepted this challenge and began his new duties on the Urbana campus in the fall of 1915. There, singlehandedly, except for the modicum of help received from a parttime student assistant, he organized and taught a general course in physiological chemistry and three graduate courses dealing with special topics.
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One of his greatest contributions to science was the dedicated manner in which, for many years, he managed the Placement Service of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. With a minimal allowance for secretarial help, he brought together many young scientists seeking employment and institutions seeking personnel.
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, the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, and the American Medical Association (associate)
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144 BIOGRAPHICAL ME M OIRS interesting evening .
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He observed in man that, after doses of 6 to 10 g of sodium benzoate, the elimination of hippuric acid takes place rapidly, 85 to 90 percent of the theoretical yield being recovered in the urine within a period of five to six hours. In these tests, the output of urea was diminished, indicating the probability that the nitrogen of the hippuric acid had its origin largely in nitrogen that normally is excreted in the form of urea.
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Other amino acids and related compounds—alanine, cystine, leucine, aspartic acid, glycolic acid, glycolaldehyde, etc.—were found to be without effect upon the rate of synthesis of hippuric acid. In other experiments, the administration of benzyl alcohol yielded hippuric acid at a rate only sli~htlv less than that ob~ , ~ , served after the administration of an equivalent amount of sodium benzoate.
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In extension of the observations of others, in which white rats were the experimental animals, Lewis found that cystine may be a limiting factor in the nutrition of dogs receiving a low protein diet. Thus the quality of a ration, as measured by its ability to maintain nitrogen equilibrium, may be enhanced by the addition of small amounts of cystine.
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Though cystine undergoes oxidation with considerable ease in the animal body, this is not true of certain derivatives of this amino acid. Thus, phenyluraminocystine is oxidized to a very limited extent, and increases markedly the output of unoxidized sulfur.
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Thus, deamination may take place even though further catabolic change is blocked by the presence of a nonlabile group. In growth studies involving the use of young white rats, Lewis confirmed the observations made elsewhere, that taurine is not capable of improving the quality of rations known to be deficient in cystine and methionine.
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The tests revealed four students whose urines regularly contained cystine crystals, and hence were intensely cystinuric. Samples from twenty-five additional individuals, though devoid of cystine crystals, consistently responded positively, in varying intensity, to color tests for the amino acid.
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His scientific curiosity included the origin, functions, and metabolic deportment of many amino acids. Extensive experiments were devised to determine the relative rates at which amino acids are absorbed from the alimentary tract, their influence on blood composition, and their effectiveness in the formation of glycogen.
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The extent of the absorption was measured in each case at the end of a period of three hours by killing the animal, removing its alimentary tract, and determining the amount of unabsorbed amino acid remaining in the tract. Incidentally, Lewis confirmed Cori's statement that the rate of absorption is independent of the absolute quantity and the concentration of the amino acid in .
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In studies of glycogen formation, the oral administration of either a- or D~-alanine to white rats which had been deprived of food for 24 hours resulted in a rapid deposition of glycogen in the liver. On the contrary, after administration of glycine or ~-leucine, the hepatic glycogen values were similar to those of control animals.
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Of particular interest was the observation that the daily administration of phenylalanine to white rats in doses exceeding 0.3 g per 100 g of body weight per day, and for considerable periods of time, led to the excretion of homogentisic acid. This appears to have been the first time that alcaptonuria has been consistently produced experimentally.
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Lewis and his colleagues were among the first to attempt the dietary replacement of an essential amino acid by a related compound for purposes of growth. As is well known, a diet containing 18 percent of gliadin as the chief source of nitrogen is incapable of supporting normal growth in young white rats.
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Those afflicted with the malady experience muscular weakness, lameness, and paralysis of the extremities. Lewis was able to induce the disease in young white rats (adult rats are more resistant)
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Shortly after his death, the Executive Faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Michigan paid its respects to Howard Bishop Lewis by approving unanimously an appropriate testimonial to be recorded in its minutes and transmitted to his family. Excerpts from that expression of esteem, as phrased by his colleagues, may serve as a tatting conclusion to this survey of his life and work.
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B Lewis for supplying much of the information herein recorded concerning her husband's early life and nonprofessional interests, and for permitting us to see and make use of the contents of letters written to her by close friends following Howard's death.
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Chem., 17:503-8. Studies in the synthesis of hippuric acid in the animal organism.
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Karr. Studies in the synthesis of hippuric acid in the animal organism.
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Chem., 43:79-87. 1921 Studies on the synthesis of hippuric acid in the animal organism.
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V The influence of amino acids and related substances on the synthesis and rate of elimination of hippuric acid after the administration of benzoate.
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XI. Can taurine replace cystine in the diet of the young white rat?
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II. The rate of absorption of amino acids from the gastrointestinal tract of the white rat.
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III. The formation of glycogen after oral administration of amino acids to white rats.
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Glycogen formation after oral administra. tion of mannitol to white rats.
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Lee. The effect of fasting, refeeding, and of variations in the cystine content of the diet on the composition of the tissue proteins of the white rat.
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The retention and excretion of selenium after the administration of sodium selenite to white rats.
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The excretion of volatile selenium compounds after the administration of sodium selenite to white rats.
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