Biographical Memoirs Volume 44 (1974) / Chapter Skim
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7. Winthrop John Vanleuven Osterhout
7. Winthrop John Vanleuven Osterhout
Pages 217-254
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Steward. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143, Sol.
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Some aspects of political organization among the American Indians. Huxley Memorial Lecture for 1948, Royal Anthropological Institute, London, pp.
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Beitrage zur Volkerkunde Nordamerikas. (Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Volkerkunde in Hamburg.)
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The relations between the Kiowa and the Crow Indians. Bulletin de la Societe Suisse des Americanistes, 7: 1-5.
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Individuum und Gesellschaft in der Religion der Naturvolker.
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The oral literature of the Crow Indians. Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Brussels, 1948, p.
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R BLINKS WINTHROP JOHN VANLEUVEN OSTERHOUT was born in Brooklyn, New York, on August 2, 1871, a little over a century ago.
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When Winthrop's mother and infant sister died of typhoid fever in 1873, the boy was left without a nurse. At first his father tried to care for the boy himself, and wrote that "Winnie is a good little traveller," when he took his son along wherever he went to preach.
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Bumpus urged Osterhout to attend the botany course at nearby Woods Hole, in the summer of 1892; there the famous Marine Biological Laboratory, then only four years old, was just getting established. Here were such biologists as T
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He was also intrigued by plants living in brackish water, and tried some experiments that were the beginning of his later work on osmotic pressure and salt effects in algae. Osterhout returned to Brown in the fall of 1893 as Instructor in Botany, remaining for two years while he studied for the M.A., which he took in 1894.
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. There also came to Berkeley for a period of eight years the brilliant physiologist Jacques Loeb, who influenced Osterhout very greatly.
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I found it very useful when I began to teach in a poorly equipped laboratory (ironically that of one of the scorners noted above)
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. Loeb also left Berkeley the next year, to join the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York.
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Osterhout became a member of two clubs, one consisting mostly of Harvard professors in Cambridge, the other (the Thursday Club) meeting in Boston and including prominent nonacademic neonle.
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He was elected a trustee of the Marine Biological Laboratory in 1919, remaining on the board for thirty years. Now began a most fruitful period of research, when he employed a new organism for studying salt and other permeability effects, and a new technique (for biology)
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The method was employed as well by several of Osterhout's students, and a great number of papers described the results, at first largely in Science, then in other journals. These studies were summarized in a series of Lowell Lectures, given in Boston in 1922, and assembled in a book entitled Injury, Recovery and Death in Relation to Conductivity and Permeability, published in a new series, "Monographs on Experimental Biology," of which C)
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1 of I.G.P. contained a description of a new method of measuring respiration and photosynthesis, namely by the color changes produced in pH indicators by the production or utilization of CO2.
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Osterhout's courses consequently attracted many able students, not only in botany, but from zoology, and from the Bussey Institution, a dozen miles away. Through much of his stay in Harvard, Osterhout was faithfully assisted by Lee Morrison, who also performed many of the Laminaria experiments, and was addressed by some students as "Professor Morrison." Around 1921 the emphasis changed to study of large coenocytic algae, at first Nitella and Chara, from each cell of which a drop of vacuolar sap could be drained, either for analysis of the sap (which was found to be very different from the surrounding solution)
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P Wodehouse, then a Harvard graduate student, had gone to Bermuda in 1916 and studied the vacuolar sap of Valonia macrophysa.
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is still not thoroughly understood fifty years later. It is formally explained, and in Halicystis demonstrated by vacuolar perfusion, that the cell's plasma membrane and its tonoplast differ in their relative permeability to ions.
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He literally lived in his work; he kept a pad of paper beside his bed at night, on which he could write in large flowing script, suggestions for the next day's experiments. He had to return to Cambridge to offer his course shortly after Christmas; in February Jacques Loeb came to Bermuda on a holiday, only to die of a heart attack within a week.
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In New York, and later in Bermuda, the writer continued studies of the electrical resistance and capacity of Falonia, Nitella, and Halicystis, and Marian Irwin studied the penetration of vital dyes in cells and models. The latter two investigators published their results independently, the others usually collaborated with
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Although Osterhout had not visited Europe since his student days in Bonn, he was now able to travel again, and attended the Botanical Congress at Cambridge, England, in 1930, saw the Passion Play at Oberammergau, and visited the French Colonial Exposition in Paris. He returned again in 1932 to France and Holland, seeing de NIries once more.
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was devoted to articles by friends and associates, in honor of his seventieth birthday. Osterhout never returned to Bermuda, but went regularly to Cold Spring Harbor or Woods Hole in the summers and attended the spring meetings of the National Academy of Sciences until about 1950.
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Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences Professor of Botany, Harvard University Member, American Philosophical Society Journal of General Physiology founded (with Jacques Loeb) Elected to National Academy of Sciences Trustee, Marine Biological Laboratory Hitchcock Lecturer, University of California Member, Board of Scientific Directors, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research Colver Lecturer, Brown University Lowell Lecturer (Boston)
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Marian Irwin, New Castle, Delaware Member Emeritus, Rockefeller Institute Last paper published (Annual Review of Plant Physiology) Died, New York City, April 9 MEMBERSHIPS o ~ - — _ ~ _, Member, National Academy of Sciences Corresponding Member, Botanical Society of Edinburgh; Kungliga FysiogralSska Sallskapet, Lund; Kaiserlich Leopold-Carolinische deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher (Halle)
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Biol. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology Jahrb.
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Gaz., 42:127-34. 1907 On the importance of physiologically balanced solutions for plants.
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Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie, 70:408-13. 1911 The permeability of living cells to salts in pure and balanced solutions.
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Science, 44:318-20. The penetration of balanced solutions and the theory of antagonism.
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Chem., 36:489-90. A method of measuring the electrical conductivity of living tissues.
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Memoirs, 1: 342-47. Brooklyn Botanical Garden A simple method of demonstrating the production of aldehyde by chlorophyll and by aniline dyes in the presence of sunlight.
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1924 Jacques Loeb, the scientist. in Science, 59:428.
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Reversible changes in living protoplasm.
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J.G.P., 14:611-16. Physiological studies of single plant cells.
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Osmotic pressure in relation to permeability in large plant cells and in models. Cold Spring Harbor Symp.
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