Biographical Memoirs Volume 45 (1974) / Chapter Skim
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Carl Richard Moore
Carl Richard Moore
Pages 402-431
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I was to see the contents of those pages after his death and to recall him vividly as I knew him, the professor under whom I wrote my doctoral thesis in the Department of Zoology of the University of Chicago, the scientist with whom I served as a close collaborator for many years in studies on the physiology of reproduction, the chairman of a department in which I later became his colleague. What he wrote in 1948 is remarkable in that he painted, quite unknowingly, an extraordinarily revealing picture of his life and scientific career as he saw them.
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He was apparently looking forward as well as backward, and a plan to retire to an ideal country spot near Springfield and its Drury College may well have crystallized in his mind. His life might then have ended where it began, but death anticipated him, and he did not live to retirement.
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He still had time and abundant energy for tennis, horseback riding, hunting, and fishing. At Drury College, Carl Moore found the teacher who unquestionably shaped the pattern of his future life in scientific research and teaching.
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I can supplement his own biographical notes with a significant anecdote. When he had difficulty in obtaining good serial sections of embryos because the paraffin blocks crushed, he met his problem in a direct fashion by opening all the windows to let in cold air, putting on overcoat and muffler, and cranking the microtome around to cut again (with better success)
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We may be sure that there were no special refinements in the Biology Department of Drury College when Moore was studying biology under Spurgeon, learning embryology from Lillie's Development of the Chick, and enthusiastically carrying on extracurricular projects. He obtained his B.S.
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degree at Drury, which he did in June of 1914, Moore assisted in courses and made what he later termed "an attempt at research" on the origin of the vena cave in bat embryos. He prepared slides of serial sections of embryos, projected the sections on melted beeswax, and by cutting out the projected sections and stacking them he produced models.
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In the period from 1919 to 1920 an event of great importance in Carl Moore's life and in his scientific career occurred. A student named Edith Naomi Abernethy caught his attention in
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. He then proposed that normal sex differentiation in the mammalian fetus might be controlled by bloodborne substances, hormones, secreted by fetal testes and ovaries.
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This proposed that sex hormones from fetal gonads were not controlling normal sex differentiation. The evidence that he presented negated, in his opinion, Lillie's hormonal theory for freemartinism and its extension to normal sex differentiation.
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The two investigators agreed that spermatozoa were not present in the grafts. Contrary to Steinach, Moore found no evidence for increased hormone secretion and no basis for a contention that testis grafts might effect rejuvenation in senile animals and men.
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Moore and his students produced experimental cryptorchidism in rats and guinea pigs and studied the changes that took place in testes in the abdominal environment and the repair that occurred when such testes were returned to the scrotum. In Moore's experiments, testicular interstitial tissue was apparently increased, but male hormone production was not increased.
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At that time, Moore's scientific career spanned only ten years, but he had made several major contributions. He had disproved the concept of sex gland antagonism and the validity of the "Steinach operation" as a means of rejuvenation; he had discredited the notion of rejuvenation by testis grafts; last but not least, he had proved that the scrotum is a thermoregulator for the testis.
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This was a breakthrough, the first major step in the study of testis hormones. Purification of these extracts depended upon the development of sensitive bioindicator tests for male hormone, and mammalian indicators were particularly desirable.
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While experiments on bioindicator tests were still in progress, Moore turned to an old problem. He had earlier disproved the concept of sex gland antagonism (implying sex hormone antagonism)
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However, Moore accomplished it at a stage that he considered young enough to give a critical test of the significance of gonadal hormones in sex differentiation. The results of his research on opossums convinced Moore that fetal sex hormones play no critical role in sex differentiation.
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In advancing this theory, Moore undoubtedly believed that he had made a happy compromise. Lillie's humoral theory was retained, but in modified form so that no fetal sex hormones from gonads were involved.
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But Carl Moore would have known no other way. From his Ozark country boyhood through his scientific career he had always solved problems and overcome obstacles as best he could.
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He took his share of editorial duties as a member of the editorial boards of the Biological Bulletin and of Physiological Zoology. He was a trustee of Drury College, Springfield, Missouri, and was awarded an honorary Sc.D.
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Zoom 28: 137-60. On the physiological properties of the gonads as controllers of somatic and psychical characteristics.
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1924 The behavior of the germinal epithelium in testis grafts and in experimental cryptorchid testes (rat and guinea pig)
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Bull., 51:112-28. On the effects of sex hormones in determining the sex ratio: a criticism of Kovac's paper.
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McGee. On the effects of injecting lipoid extracts of bull testes into castrated guinea pigs.
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Rat seminal vesicle cytology as a testis hormone indicator and the prevention of castration changes by testis extract injection.
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Gonad hormone functions, and the reciprocal influence between gonads and hypophysis with its bearing on the problem of sex hormone antagonism.
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1941 On the role of sex hormones in sex differentiation in the opossum (`Didelphys virginiana)
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Zool., 94:415-58. 1944 Gonad hormones and sex differentiation.
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Zool., 20:300-20. Embryonic Sex Hormones and Sexual Differentiation.
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1938 Adrenal cortical secretions in relation to the reproductive system of rate ] ourna1 of Clinical Endocrinology and )
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