Representing Human Behavior in Military Simulations Interim Report (1997) / Chapter Skim
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A METHODOLOGY FOR CREATING HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPRESENTATIONS
A METHODOLOGY FOR CREATING HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPRESENTATIONS
Pages 22-31
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From page 22... ...
The development of practical human behavior representations for military simulations is especially exciting because it presents an opportunity to construct and apply comprehensive models of human abilities that span the various subareas of psychology. The resulting synthesis of results and theory will be not only practically useful, but also a stimulus to a broader and deeper theoretical integration that is long overdue.
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From page 23... ...
For example, shop floor allocation procedures derived from early work on scientific management. The development of practical applications of human behavior representations is exciting because it presents an opportunity to construct and apply comprehensive models of units that span distributed artificial intelligence, organizational science, sociology, small group psychology, and political science studies of power.
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From page 24... ...
At the present state of development of the field, it is probably most useful to view a human operator as the controller of a large number of programmable components, such as sensory, perceptual, motor, memory, and decision processes. The key is the idea that these components are highly adaptable and may be tuned to interact properly to handle the demands of each specific task in a specific environment and situation.
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From page 25... ...
Representing actual units requires filling in these frameworks with details for a specific team, group, or unit and for a specific task. A METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPRESENTATIONS To develop human behavior representations, the panel suggests that the Defense Modeling and Simulation Office encourage developers to employ a systematic methodology, which should include the following steps.
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From page 26... ...
solutions that have been developed in cognitive psychology, artificial intelligence, and human factors for analyzing and representing human behavior in a computational format. Similarly, employing sociology, organizational science, and distributed artificial intelligence will ensure that the relevant knowledge and solutions for analyzing and representing unit-level behavior will be employed.
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From page 27... ...
Information input for Army CIS development comes from written doctrine and from subject-matter experts at the various U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command schools who develop the performance conditions and standards for mission training plans.
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From page 28... ...
(1994) provide detailed discussions of a host of methods for performing task analysis as part of the system design process that can be equally well applied to the definition of human behavior representations in military simulations.
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From page 29... ...
Sometimes small-scale analytic studies or field observations can provide detailed data suitable for filling in some aspects of the models, for example, the time to carry out a sequence of actions such as positioning, aiming, and firing a rifle, targeting and launching a missile. Some of these could be readily measured, whereas others could be approximated without new data collection by using approaches based on time and motion study predictions methods from industrial engineering (Antis et al., 1973; Konz, 1995~; Fitts' law (Fists and Posner, 1967~; or GoMS3 (John and Kieras, 1996; Card et al., 1983~.
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From page 30... ...
Intellective models are built to show proof of concept or to illustrate the impact of a basic explanatory mechanism. Simpler and smaller than emulation models, they lack detail and should not be used to make specific predictions.
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From page 31... ...
Additional research on statistical techniques for locating patterns and examining trends needs to be done, and standardized validation techniques that go beyond those currently used need to be developed. This may in part involve developing sample databases against which to validate models at each of the levels.
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