Biographical Memoirs Volume 51 (1980) / Chapter Skim
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Leonard Carmichael
Leonard Carmichael
Pages 24-47
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of Thomas Harrison Carmichael, a successful physician, and Emily Henrietta Leonard Carmichael, an active volunteer worker on many charitable boarcis. At the time of her death, she was chief of the Bureau of Recreation of Philadelphia.
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A summary of the conclusions was published in an article entitled "Hereclity and Environment: Are They Antitheticar? " William Preyer's studies of signs of life in the fetus before birth pointed the way for Carmichael to investigate morphological growth of receptors and the nervous system in relation to behavior released at various stages of early ontogenetic development in mammals before learning begins, or is important.
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American behavioral psychology at that time, the outcome of this experiment arousal widespread interest. Carmichael found that when the anesthetic was removed, the experimentally treated organisms swam with vigor and coordination equal to that of the undrugged controls, who were allowed to move throughout development.
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colleagues former! the Sir Charles Bell Society and met together for clinner and general reports of one's doings cluring the Annual Meetings of the American Psychological Association.
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His elementary psychology lecture sections filled the largest lecture hall on campus. He personally gave all the lectures in the three successive sections every Monday ant!
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A high cervical section of the maternal spinal cord permitted discontinuance of anesthetic, and thus the fetus could be studied in a normal physiological state, free of anesthetic. lames Coronius and Harold SchIosberg participated with Carmichael in the first study of the fetal cat.
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In the late guinea pig fetus the hair coat is well grown, the teeth are erupted, eyes and ears are functional, and adaptive integrated behavior is well established. At this time such an animal will, to use the language of teleology, attempt in a most effective and even ingenious way to deal with a factual stimulus applied to its lip.
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in isolation so that postnatal experience did not occur, led Konrad Lorenz and Nikko Tinbergen to argue for the instinctive basis of much of animal behavior that occurred under natural circumstances. Such "releaser stimuli" were *
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Psychologists as a group even now tend to be cautious in attributing behavior patterns to genetically (letermine(1 processes or propensities. Still, increasing interaction among students of animal behavior and psychology is reacting to a souncler appreciation of the role of genetic determinants in behavior, both in their own right and as setting the stage upon which experience and learning can interact.
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He contributed in many other ways to the war effort. He was particularly proud of his role as director of the National Roster of Scientific and Specialized Personnel, which dicI invaluable work in the recruitment ant!
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Upon his call in 1953 to the Smithsonian Institution Secretaryship, Carmichael turned his considerable aciministrative talents to improving that Institution, to which was added, among other things, the new Museum of Sciences and Technology the Smithsonian's first major new building in fifty years. Two wings were aciclec} to the Museum of Natural History, and the old Patent Office Building was acquirer!
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Peter MarIer of The Rockefeller University worked with Carmichael as editorial consultant, aicled by a distinguished group of animal behaviorists. MarIer's own work provided subtle examples of how experience in bird song learning interacted with innate pre(lispositions and provided another kind of documentation in support of Carmichael's view that learning itself always depended upon maturation or growth.
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Gatherings of his former students at meetings of the Sir Charles Bell Society became more relaxed, but still formal. Those meetings, hosted by Leonard and Pear!
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Rev., 33:51-58. Sir Charles Bell: A contribution to the history of physiological psychology.
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Apparatus from the Brown psychological laboratory. In: Proceedings and Papers of the Ninth International Congress of Psychology, ed.
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Psychol., 45:3-21. An experimental study in the prenatal guinea pig of the origin and development of reflexes and patterns of behavior in relation to the stimulation of specific receptor areas during the period of active fetal life.
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Wellman. Electrical responses from the cochlea of the fetal guinea pig.
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Rec., 23:461-73. 1942 The national roster of scientific and specialized personnel: ad progress report.
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Mead. Some recent approaches to the experimental study of human fatigue.
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141~4, 160, 162-66. Psychology, the machine, and society (7th Annual Arthur Dehon Little Memorial Lecture delivered at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Nov.17,1953~.
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Symposia. Proceedings of the XVIth International Congress of Psychology (organized under the auspices of the International Union of Scientific Psychology by the German Society of Psychology in Bonn, July 31 to August 6, 1960)
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. Atlanta, Gal: Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory Univ.
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Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society.
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