Maximizing U.S. Interests in Science and Technology Relations with Japan (1997) / Chapter Skim
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4 Statistical and Policy Context for U.S.-Japan Science and Technology Relations
4 Statistical and Policy Context for U.S.-Japan Science and Technology Relations
Pages 52-75
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From page 52... ...
· Over the past decade the focus on the U.S.-] apan science and technology relationship has grown, and a number of policy changes and new programs have been implemented to develop human resources for cooperating and competing with Japan in science and technology andfor facilitating greater U.S.
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From page 53... ...
Japan Total: 12.7 trillion yen PPP: $69.3 billion CER: $115.5 billion Other /< 7% 1 Govt. \ / 19.6% \( United States Total: $165.8 billion Other 11.8% ~ \ ~ \ Industry 73.4% Govt.
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From page 54... ...
Figure 4-5 compares Japan's total government science and technology investments for fiscal years 1991-1995 with those of the United States, converted at both purchasing power parity (PPP) and current exchange rates (CER)
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From page 55... ...
Italy FIGURE 4-4 Number of full-time equivalent R&D scientists and engineers per 10,000 total labor force members, most recent year available for each country. SOURCE: National Science Board, Science & EngineeringIndicators-1996 (Washington, D.C.: U.S.
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From page 56... ...
and Japanese national government spending on science and technology, projected totals for fiscal years 1996-2000. NOTE: Japanese figures are based on the announced goal of 17 trillion yen and reflect the assumption of defense R&D spending at 6 percent of the total.
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From page 57... ...
U.S. and Japanese Industrial R&D Performance, current million dollars 1982 1987 1992 United States Manufachuing56,178 (96%)
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s Contributing to Japan's relative rise over the past decade has been slower growth in output by the United Kingdom and an actual decline in output by the former Soviet Union. See National Science Board, Science and Engineering Indicators-1996 (Washington, D.C.: U.S.
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From page 59... ...
Productivity growth in the service sector has been slower than in manufacturing, and U.S. savings and investment levels have been lower than those of most other developed economies.6 Figure 4-10 shows the relative share of major countries and regions in world GDP in 1988 and 1993.
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From page 60... ...
and Sangyo Gijutsu Shingikai Sogo Bukai Kikaku Iinkai (Industrial Technology Advisory Committee, Planning Subcommittee) , Kagaku Gijutsu Sozo Riktoku e no Michi o Kirihiraku Shiteki Shisan no Sozo, Katsuyo ni Mukete, (Clearing a Path Toward a Nation Based on Creative Science and Technology; Toward Creating and Utilizing Intellectual Assets)
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From page 61... ...
FIGURE 4-11 National critical technologies: technology position and 1990-1994 trend. SOURCE: National Critical Technologies Report (Washington, D.C.: National Critical Technologies Review Group, 1995)
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From page 62... ...
NOTE: +1 point was given when a business enterprise assessed Japan to be superior, O for equal, and -1 for United States (or Europe) superior, and Me sum was divided by the number of business enterprises giving an evaluation to compute Me index for evaluating the relative superiority.
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From page 63... ...
Almost 30 percent of U.S. science and engineering doctorates awarded in 1995 went to citizens of Asian countries.9 Tables 4-6 and 4-7 cover trade relationships.
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SOURCE: Japan Economics Institute, JEI Report, September 27, 1996. TABLE 4-5 Science and Engineering Doctorates Awarded by U.S.
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From page 65... ...
1 994 1 993 1 992 1 991 1 990 1 989 1 988 1 987 1 986 1 985 1994 1 993 1 992 1 991 1 990 1 989 1 988 1 987 1 986 1 985 :~ To: Japan From: · Europe OAsia ~ North America o 20,000 40,000 Number of scientists 60.000 80,000 100,000 o From: Japan To: ~ ~ Europe OAsia Q North America 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 Number of scientists FIGURE 4-13 Flow of scientists to and from Japan. SOURCE: Japan Ministry of Justice as compiled in Science, October 4, 1996, vol.
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From page 66... ...
l TO Change TO Change Imports Tom 1994 Exports Tom 1994 United States 75.4 20.3 120.9 2.8 EU 48.8 25.9 70.3 14.8 Middle East 31.7 13.4 10.1 -8.3 ASEAN 38.4 20.0 53.6 31.9 NIEs 41.2 32.7 111.0 18.8 China 35.9 30.3 21.9 17.4 Other 64.6 18.1 55.1 4.1 Total 336.1 22.3 442.9 12.0 SOURCE: Ministry of Finance, Foreign Trade Statistics. advanced technology products, even if Japan .
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From page 67... ...
The U.S.-Iapan Framework for a New Economic Partnership, signed by President Clinton and Prime Minister Miyazawa in June 1993, also outlines areas for U.S.-lapan science and technology cooperation in the "Common Agenda" (see Box 4-11. Science and technology cooperation at the official level, including various agreements and agency-to-agency research collaboration, does not have as great an impact as private-sector cooperation on U.S.
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From page 69... ...
The official structure of agency agreements and government-togovernment cooperation could become more important in the future, particularly if Japan follows through on plans to increase support for fundamental research. The agreements could be used to encourage Japan to increase R&D support in critical areas and to ensure that Japan's growing basic research base is open and accessible.~4 international cooperative science and technology initiatives launched by each country also have raised the visibility of the U.S.-Iapan relationship.
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From page 70... ...
The MIT-lapan Program is supported by several sources, including private foundations, corporate members, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research-managed Japanese Industry and Technology Management Training Program (BTMTP, see below)
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government receives approximately $1 million annually from Japan's Center for Global Partnership, and American researchers selected by U.S. government agencies receive approximately $2.2 million annually through the fellowship programs of the Science 71
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From page 72... ...
Although some university programs can show increasing industry involvement and support, it is unlikely that the private sector will make investments in skills and expertise that will only pay off over the tong term and that may not be appropriable by individual companies. In addition to confirming the overall value of Japan-related technical personnel training and internship programs, the task force discussed and considered various specific issues related to their orientation and management.
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From page 73... ...
In the view of this company the most useful insights into Japanese technical developments are gained from actually engaging in collaborative R&D. Another American multinational in the computer industry has a specialized Japanese staff that monitors patent applications and technical papers.
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From page 74... ...
, which undertakes expert assessments of Japanese technologies for various federal sponsors, has spawned offshoot programs that evaluate technological developments in Europe, the former Soviet Union, and 23 In what the task force believes to be a positive and important step, the Japan Patent Office has launched an experimental database of patent publication abstracts available on the World Wide Web. Entries include English and Japanese versions of abstracts from patent applications that are published eighteen months after filing.
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From page 75... ...
The National Science Foundation's Tokyo Office publishes occasional report memoranda on various aspects of lapan's science and technology policies. R&D consortia such as the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation, nonprofits such as the Japan Information Access Project, industry associations such as the American Electronics Association and several of the Japan Industrial Technology Management Training programs provide ongoing information collection, analysis, and dissemination to their members.
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