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From page 497... ... Asia, 290 Central, health care reform, 322, 324, 326, 327-348 East Asia, 392(n.5) , 393, 465 see also specific countries Azerbaijan, 456, 457 497 B Baltic countries, see specific countries Bankruptcy, 93 Czech Republic, 249 Russia, 147, 171, 460-461 Banks and banking, 126 central banks, 3, 460-461, 463 Russia, 144, 147, 149-151, 170, 464 see also Credit; Savings Barter trade, 45, 126, 156 Russia, 85 Belarus, 455, 456, 457, 463, 464 Big-bang policies, see Shock policies Black market, see Underground economies Bolivia, 266, 389-390, 391, 392(n.6) Read the entire page →
From page 498... ... 498 corruption to circumvent, 26, 137-138, 142-143 evaluation criteria, 421, 422-423 health care services, 338 privatization, impacts on, 46-47, 217-218 research priorities, 482-483 rule of law, 420-421 Russia, 91, 135, 136, 140, 153, 218, 219, 229, 236 social welfare, 278, 282, 285, 338, 390 Soviet Union, 135-136, 139, 142-143, 217218 C Capital markets, see Investment Central Asia health care reform, 322, 324, 326, 327-348 immigration, Russia, 324-325 see also specific countries Central banks, 3, 460-461, 463 Central Europe, 3, 21, 467 income differentiation, 458, 467 pensions, 370 poverty, 351-366 price controls, 205, 462 privatization, 217-219, 220, 467 rent seeking, 462 social policy, 266, 305, 307, 309, 310, 465 unemployment, 458 see also specific countries Central planning, general, 135, 432 China, 437 Czech Republic, 86-87 formal versus informal institutions, 22, 161, 165 health care services, 327-330, 334 Hungary, 86-87, 436, 437 industrial sector, 86-87, 225, 437 labor market and, 223-226 models, 433-436 pensions, 371-375, 377 Poland, 86-87 Russia, 82, 86, 226, 228 social policy, 254, 272-273, 285 Soviet Union, 120, 121, 134, 136, 137, 138-139, 142, 161-165, 225, 226, 228, 436-437 variation across regimes, 436-437 see also Decentralization INDEX Charity, 279, 280, 286 Children health care, 323, 346 poverty, 374, 394 research priorities, 484 social policy, 249, 250, 252, 254, 307-309, 311-312, 361, 365 Chile, 260, 263, 386, 389-393, 397, 427 China agricultural sector, 141, 440 incentives, 438, 440, 443-444, 448 industrial sector, 437-438 investment, 437, 443-444, 446-447 local factors, 16-17, 208, 437-438, 440442, 445-446 managers and management, 443, 444-445 market reforms without democratic reforms, 436-448 price controls, 208 privatization, 446-447, 448 property rights and civil rights, 141 regional factors, 437-438, 440-442 small businesses, 437, 440-442 Colombia, 392(n.6) Comecon, 86-87, 249 Commonwealth of Independent States, see specific countries Constitutional law property rights, 39, 40, 44 Soviet Union, 142 Construction sector Russia, 152, 482 Soviet Union, 161- 162, 163 Consumer goods, 87, 267, 303, 364 Russia, 226, 229-239 Contracts, 9, 142, 419, 433 bureaucracy, evaluation, 422 employment, 225, 229 enforcement credibility, 45-46, 50, 89, 91, 152, 156, 167, 173 health care, 344 group cohesion, impact on costs, 40-41 labor, 225, 229 private enforcement, 43-44, 153 Russia, 89, 91, 147, 148, 152, 153, 166167, 170, 173, 229 social, 254, 259, 307, 308 Soviet Union, 135, 138 see also Transaction costs Corruption, 7, 267, 463, 464, 478 bureaucracy, corruption to circumvent, 26, 137-138, 142-143 Read the entire page →
From page 499... ... , 486 Russia, 142, 143 Credit, 218, 219 Hungary, 217 Russia, 147, 150, 153, 203, 204, 460-461 safety net programs, 390 Ukraine, 181 see also Interest rates Criminal law, 25, 119 Russia, 123, 125 Crime Soviet Union, 25, 42, 162, 205 Russia, 124, 127, 482 sentences and penalties, 25, 27, 28, 31, 119, 123, 125, 142, 162, 205 violent, 119, 124, 127, 267 see also Bribery; Corruption; Organized crime; Underground economies Croatia inflation, 455 pensions, 377-378 Cultural values, see Sociocultural values Currency and currency exchange, 256, 261, 386, 387, 454 Bulgaria, 463-464 household income estimates, 250-251 inflation and, 30, 121, 226, 455-456 NIS, common currency, 226 pretransition economies, 31, 136 quasi-currencies, 8, 9, 121 research priorities, 481 Russia, 84, 85, 121, 147-148, 226, 460 internal versus external ruble, 29 Soviet Union, 136 Ukraine, 181 voucher trading, 148, 300, 461 Czechoslovakia, 355, 358, 395, 396, 455 499 Czech Republic, 17, 205, 216, 456, 457 bankruptcy, 249 pensions, 373, 376, 377, 378 social welfare policy, 255, 352-366 (passim) , 396 D Debt, see Bankruptcy; Public debt Decentralization, general bureaucracy, evaluation, 422-423 China, 437-444 Hungary, 436, 437, 439 Russia, 158 social services, 254, 255, 259, 285, 287, 311 Soviet Union, 136- 137, 437 see also Liberalization of markets; Local factors; Regional factors Decollectivization, see Land reform Defense sector, Russia, 136, 157, 166-167, 174 Demographic factors, 14, 273, 276 Central Asia/Russia, 323-326 disadvantaged persons, 278, 280, 286, 483 epidemiological factors, 323, 326-327, 328, 372 health care, 323-326 social policy, 300 see also Age factors; Immigration and emigration; Poverty; Women Denationalization, see Privatization Deregulation, see Government regulation/ deregulation; Liberalization of markets Disability pensions, 372, 373, 380 E East Asia, 392(n.5) Read the entire page →
From page 500... ... benefits/services, 229, 232, 233-237, 242 women, 233, 234 skilled workers, 141, 224, 238, 262, 311, 312, 361, 483 social services, 223-242, 253, 259-260, 380, 390 Ukraine, 179, 180, 181, 184-201 under/unemployment, 248, 251, 252, 261, 273, 301, 304, 361, 457-459 globalization of markets and, 300 pensions and, 373 Russia, 229, 232, 233-237, 242 safety nets, 389, 390, 394, 396 survival strategies of, 178, 179-180, 182- 184, 185- 198, 304-305, 441 -442 training to address, 311 unemployment insurance, 229, 380, 388, 390 women, 363 women, 311, 363 Russia, 233, 234 Ukraine, 179, 186-187, 189, 196, 199 England, 45-46, 406 Entrepreneurship, 6, 14-15, 134, 156-157, 457 Chinese officials, 444 innovation, 225, 377 Russia, 89, 240 Soviet Union, 120-121, 156, 160-166, 205 Transylvanian property rights, 108-109 uncertainty, 160, 419 see also Managers and management; Underground economies Environmental protection, 346 Russia, 90-91 Epidemiological factors, 323, 326-327, 328, 372 Estonia, 376-377, 395, 455, 456, 462, 465, 468 Ethnicity and ethnic groups, 2, 7, 9, 458, 474, 477 research priorities, 481, 484, 485, 486 social policy, 264, 268, 306, 484 transaction costs and cohesion, 41-42 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 456, 457 Read the entire page →
From page 501... ... INDEX Exchange rates, see Currency and currency exchange Exports and imports, see International trade F Financial institutions and services, 3, 135, 147-151, 261 see also Banks and banking; Credit; Insurance Food products and production, 249, 329, 364 Russia, 91, 207, 230, 329 Soviet Union, 204 see also Nutrition policies Foreign exchange, see Currency and currency exchange France, 406 G Georgia, 376, 458, 463, 465, 468 Globalized markets, 103, 153, 481 prices, 300, 302, 303-304 Russia in, 224, 225, 242 social policy and, 300, 302 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 120-121, 122, 136 Gosplan, 225 Government officials China, 444-447 price controls and rent seeking, 208 research priorities, 485 Russia, local, 123, 125 Soviet Union, wages, 27 Transylvania, decollectivization, 105 see also Corruption Government regulation/deregulation, general corruption and increased regulation, 138 model, 411-412, 416-420, 456, 458 onerous regulation and noncompliance, 26 pensions, 375 Russia, 125 see also Bureaucracy; Liberalization of markets; Prices and price controls Government role, 407-490 accountability, 412, 420-427 agency versus participant management, 4142 agents interaction with, 412, 416-420 economic policy, 62-63, 68, 403-410, 411428, 432-448, 453-468 501 principal/agent models, 415-428 see also Bureaucracy; Central planning Grey markets, see Underground economies Gross Domestic Product cash transfers as share of, 249 globalization and, 300 inflation and, 455 input markets and, 90 manufacturing labor force, 225 output and, 458 private sector share, 457 social welfare funding and, 249, 300, 304, 311, 330-332, 372-373, 395, 465 state revenues as percentage, 465 trends, 304 Bulgaria, 463-464 Central Europe, 351, 352, 359 Commonwealth of Independent States, 133 Russia, 80, 90-91, 460, 461 Ukraine, 181 Gross National Product Poland, 217, 251, 255 social spending and, 251, 255 H Health care professionals, 253, 260, 327-328, 333, 335, 343-345, 347, 348 Health care services, 226, 253, 254, 256, 258, 259, 263, 285-286, 291, 322-348 Central Asia, 322, 324, 326, 327-348 central planning, 327-330, 334 children, 323, 346 contracts, 344 demographic factors, 323-326 efficiency incentives, 337, 341, 347-348 epidemiological factors, 323, 326-327, 328, 372 Kazakhstan, 333, 335, 339, 340, 343, 344, 346 Kyrgyz Republic, 333, 335, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 346 local markets, 337, 340, 344, 346 OECD countries, 334, 336, 343 pharmaceuticals, 329, 337, 339, 345, 347, 348 poverty, 329, 333 privatization, 332-334, 339-340, 341, 346 regional factors, 337, 340, 344, 346 Read the entire page →
From page 502... ... , 54 health care reform, 337 investment, 3, 417 labor market, 225 pensions, 370, 382 principal/agent relations, 415 profit, 438 property rights and, 47, 141, 476 regulations, 417 research priorities, 479, 483 Russia, 82, 89, 95, 126, 140, 146, 153, 169, 211, 220 social policy change, 249, 261, 283-285, 334 Soviet Union, 27, 33, 136, 137, 138, 142 telecommunications industry, 46(n.16) see also Efficiency incentives Income, see Household income; Personal income; Poverty; Redistributive systems; Wages and salaries India, 464 Individualism, 68, 113, 114 leadership, 266 pensions, 371 social welfare policy, 278, 281, 282, 284, 294(n.11) Read the entire page →
From page 503... ... INDEX Russia, 84-85, 89, 92, 95, 455 labor/social policy and, 226-227, 231 social policy, general, 249, 251 Ukraine, 181, 455 Information scarcity, 62, 66-69, 404, 414, 427-428 mass media, 427, 485 Russia, 89, 136, 145 Soviet Union, 136 Innovation, 14, 225, 377 Input markets, general, 218, 219 health care services, 334 Hungary, 217 Russia, 87-91, 93, 97, 99, 145, 203, 204, 334 Transylvanian land reforms, 107 see also Employment issues; Investment Insolvency, see Bankruptcy Institutions and institutional approach, 7-9, 133, 139-140, 475-479 bureaucracy, evaluation, 422 defined, 5-6, 156, 476 economic policy, 61-75 incentive structures and, 13, 14 informal versus formal, 5, 21, 22, 24, 29, 156, 159, 160, 161, 165, 476, 478, 479, 485 path dependence, 16-17, 21, 48, 75, 157, 173, 404, 408, 477 poverty and, 386-387 radical reform and noncompliance, 25 research, historical preferences, 50-53, 62, 67-68 priorities, 479-490 Russia, 81-86, 93-95, 98, 157 social welfare policy, 288-289, 389, 390, 392-394 underground activity and change, 22, 23-26 see also specific institutions Insurance, 147, 282 see also Health insurance; Pensions; Social welfare policy Intellectual property, 14, 166, 305 Interest rates, 45, 256, 386, 390 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, see World Bank International Monetary Fund, 264(n.12) , 466, 467 International trade, 3, 466, 467 Comecon, 86-87 503 price controls, 210, 460, 462, 466-467 globalization and, 300, 302, 303-304 Russia, 90-91, 145, 152, 168, 210, 230, 460, 462 globalized markets, 224, 225, 242 Ukraine, 181 see also Globalized markets Investment, 7, 38, 126, 148, 157, 166, 435 China, 437, 443-444, 446-447 coercive power versus capital concentration, 405 Commonwealth of Independent States, 135 credibility and, 38, 46 Eastern Europe, 135 enterprise learning, 160 Hungary, 217 incentives, 3, 417 property rights and, 38, 148 research priorities, 482 Russia, 88-89, 124, 135, 146, 147-151, 153, 157, 167-168, 171-172 social spending and, 255, 290-293 Soviet Union, 163- 164 post-dissolution, 133-154 Ukraine, 198 venture capital, 159 see also Pensions Italy, 42-44, 75 K Kazakhstan, 465, 467, 468, 482 health reform, 333, 335, 339, 340, 343, 344, 346 Khrushchev, Nikita, 136, 437 Know how, see Intellectual property Kuchma, Leonid, 181 Kyrgyz Republic, 465, 468 health reform, 333, 335, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 346 L Labor issues, see Employment issues Labor unions, 268 Eastern Europe, 262 Latin America, social services, 260, 262 research priorities, 481-482 Russia, 232 Read the entire page →
From page 504... ... 504 Land reform industrial privatization versus, 109 political factors, 103, 107, 113 research priorities, 481 Romania, 105 Russia, 1800s, 36, 126, 482 Sicily, 1800s, 42-44 Transylvania, 103-116 Latin America, 464, 465, 468 grupos economicos, 159 pensions, 371, 376, 382 social sector reforms, 261-262, 266-267, 302 labor unions, 260, 262 safety nets, 387-394, 396-397 see also specific countries Latvia, 261, 462, 468 pensions, 371, 373, 378-383 social safety nets, 395 Liberalization of markets communist institutions dismantled, 5-6 economic policy, 3, 9, 22, 62-63, 68, 157, 403-428, 432-448, 453-468, 474 indices of, 456 Russia, 81, 84, 85, 121, 122-123, 143, 145146, 157 perestroika, 83 social policy, general, 248, 250, 262-263 stabilization and, 456 Ukraine, 456-457 underground economies, 29, 121 Yugoslavia, 264(n.12) see also Globalized markets; Prices and price controls; Privatization Lithuania, 376-377, 463, 468 Living standard, see Standard of living Loans, see Credit; Interest rates Local factors, 48, 103, 135 China, 16-17, 208, 437-438, 440-442, 445446 cooperatives, 75 health care, 337, 340, 344, 346 poverty, 305-306 production/transaction costs, 41-42 research issues, 53, 484, 496 Russia, 140, 144, 170-171 banking, 150 health care, 337, 340 officials, 123, 125 price controls, 123, 136, 206-216, 220, 230 INDEX social welfare policy, 256, 259, 305-306, 337, 390, 484 M Mafia economies of scale, 30 Sicilian land reform, 43-44 Russia, 124, 206, 213, 216 Managers and management, 7, 178 China, 443, 444-445 employee interaction with, 96-97, 178-179, 182-185, 199, 231 health care services, 329, 346 managerial learning, 156, 166-173 network versus hierarchical, 159- 172 Poland, 146 political power, 466-467 price controls, rent seeking, 208 research priorities, 481-482, 487 Russia corporate governance, 89, 96-97, 138 139 employee ownership, 143- 144, 149, 461 enterprise learning, 156, 166-174 managerial hegemony, 96-97, 231 privatization, 144, 145, 146, 149, 151, 219, 462 salaries, 238 Soviet Union, 136, 138-139, 161-166 Transylvanian land reform, 105 Ukraine, 182, 199 see also Bureaucracy; Production infrastructure/organization Mao Zedong, 437, 443 Mass media, 427, 485 Medical services, see Health care services Military, see Defense sector, Russia Models and modeling, 9, 453-468 central planning, 433-436 communist state, 433-436 economic policy, 62-63, 68, 403-428, 432 448, 453-468 incomplete/competing, 74-75 information scarcity, 66-67 labor market adjustment, 177-184 political factors, 65 polities, 17 price controls, 210-211 Read the entire page →
From page 505... ... , 395-396, 397 Opportunity costs, 50, 53, 89 Optimization models, 178-179, 182-183, 419 420 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development pensions, 371 poverty, definition, 353-354 see also OECD countries Organized crime, 126, 267 economies of scale, 30 property rights enforced by, 26, 30 research priorities, 481 Russia, 91, 119, 124, 152, 206, 213, 216, 239, 461 see also Mafia p Path dependence, 16-17, 21, 48, 75, 157, 173, 404, 408, 477 Pensions, 3, 179, 189, 253, 254, 255, 256, 258, 261, 280, 285, 292, 307-309, 361, 370-383, 395, 465 age factors, 289, 307, 308-309; see also retirement age infra Baltics, 376 Bulgaria, 372, 376 Central Europe, 370 central planning, 371-375, 377 cost factors, general, 370, 372-378, 380381, 382 Croatia, 377-378 disability, 372, 373, 380 East Asia, 392(n.5) , 393 Eastern Europe, 370, 376, 394 Estonia, 376-377, 395 housing, 374 Hungary, 372, 377-378, 395 incentives, 370, 382 inflation and, 361, 373, 374 Latin America, 371, 376, 382 Latvia, 371, 373, 378-383 Read the entire page →
From page 506... ... , 395, 468 Politics and political parties, 9, 65, 74, 408, 411, 413, 433-434, 436, 454, 466 468 bureaucrats' interaction with, model, 412, 420-425 citizens' interaction with, model, 412, 424 427 economic agents' interaction with, model, 411-412, 416-420 media control, 427, 485 modeling, 65 pensions, 370, 371, 375, 394 Poland, 137, 219 poverty, 248, 260, 267-269 rent seeking, 47, 462-463 research priorities, 485-486 rule of law versus, 142-143, 268 Russia, 80, 89, 91, 92-93, 96, 122, 126, 147, 219, 230, 268, 462-463 social welfare policy, 248, 249, 256-270, 278, 287-288, 289, 295, 301, 302, 370, 371, 375, 388-389, 390, 392 396 Soviet Union, 142, 143 transaction costs, 47 Transylvania, decollectivization, 103, 107, 113 see also Elections Pollution, see Environmental protection Poverty, 250-252, 273, 274-275, 301, 303304, 386-387 causes of, 386-387 Central Europe, 351-366 children, 374, 394 defined, 353-354, 385 health care services, 329, 333 incentives/information, 69 inflation and, 387, 395 Latin America, 267 local factors, 305-306 pensions, 374, 375 Poland, 251-252 political implications, 248, 260, 267-269 research priorities, 483-484 Russia, 80, 229, 230, 234, 294(n.11) Read the entire page →
From page 507... ... INDEX safety nets, 97-98, 126, 227, 329 underground economies, 304-305 see also Safety nets Prices and price controls, 3, 65, 249, 256, 386, 414, 435, 439, 456, 459, 466, 474, 478 bribery, 208-209, 210 Central Europe, 205, 462 China, 208 Eastern Europe, 205 education, 312 globalization, 300, 302, 303-304 housing, rent control, 67, 123, 205, 249 international trade, 210, 460, 462, 466-467 pensions related to, 308, 373, 379, 381 pharmaceuticals, 347 property rights and, 38, 203, 205-216 public debt, 30 rent seeking, arbitrage, 208, 209-210, 460, 462, 466-467 Russia, 84-85, 89, 122-123, 125, 136, 145, 148, 151, 203-216, 220, 229-230, 232, 237, 238, 460, 462, 464 Soviet Union, 27, 29, 121, 136, 226 state intervention model, general, 418 tax versus, 134 Ukraine, 181 underground economies and, 29 see also Inflation Privatization, 22, 31, 83, 102, 134, 249, 413, 432, 454, 457, 458, 460, 463, 464, 466 banking, 144, 149-151 bureaucracy, impacts on, 46-47, 217-218 Central Europe, 217-219, 220, 467 China, 446-447, 448 Eastern Europe, 217-219, 220 EBRD indices, 457 education, 312 employee ownership, 143- 144, 149 employment and, 177, 235 health care, 332-334, 339-340, 341, 346 historical comparisons, 38, 47 incomplete, 33, 103-116, 173 inflation and, 32 New Independent States, 217-218 nomenklatura, 28, 139, 461, 467, 478, 482 pensions, 282-283, 308, 371, 375, 376, 378 property rights and, 38, 216-220 rent seeking, 8, 460, 462 research priorities, 480-482 507 rule of law and, 31-32 Russia, 36-38, 82, 83, 128, 133, 143-154, 158, 216-220, 235, 410, 457, 462, 482 banks, 144, 149-151 bureaucracy, impacts, 46-47, 96, 135, 136, 140 employee ownership, 143- 144, 149 management and managers, 144, 145, 146, 149, 151, 219, 462 nineteenth century, 36-38 rule evasion and, 126-128 small businesses, 143, 144, 151- 152, 216 social security, 229, 396-397 wages and salaries, 229, 239 Transylvania, 103-116 social security/services, 254, 257, 269, 282-283, 286, 288, 304, 386, 393, 396-397, 484-485 Soviet Union, 29, 120-121, 133, 137, 204 205 see also Land reform; Small and medium sized enterprises; Underground economies Production costs, 23, 139- 140 group cohesion, 41 labor, 228 Production infrastructure/organization, 7 Eastern Europe, 135 health care services, 329 Poland, 146, 198 regional factors, 86-87 research priorities, 481-482, 487 Russia, 87-89, 138-139, 144-146, 166-168 defense industry restructuring, 166-167 financial institutions, 147-149 foreign infrastructure imported, 153 Soviet Union, 27, 135, 137 see also Managers and management Property rights, 6, 7, 14, 21-23, 35-57, 102, 139, 140, 409, 433, 476, 478 China, civil rights and, 141 collectivization, 103, 106-107 constitutional law, 39, 40, 44 cultural factors, 103, 107 defined, 29-30, 35(n.1) , 39, 103-105, 107, 112-116, 137 Eastern Europe, 109 employees' skills as, 141 entrepreneurship and, 108-109 Read the entire page →
From page 508... ... 508 housing, 137, 138, 483 immigration and emigration, 112-113 incentives, 47, 141, 476 investment and, 38, 148 New Independent States, 31 organized crime, enforcement of, 26, 30 price controls and, 38, 203, 205-216 privatization and, 38, 216-220 public good versus, 111-113 religious influences, 40-42 rent seeking and ill-defined, 29-30, 39, 137 research priorities, 480-481, 485, 487 rule of law and, 22, 31 -32, 108, 140 Russia, 39-42, 88-89, 95, 147, 203-220, 482 Soviet Union, 27, 137, 204 state intervention model, general, 418 transaction costs, 38-42, 44 Transylvania, entrepreneurship, 108-109 uncertainty, 29-30, 102-116, 138, 141 see also Intellectual property; Land reform; Privatization; Real estate; State ownership Public debt, 466 Bulgaria, 463 decentralization and, 441 hidden, 455 individual lending, 45 inflation and, 30, 455 pensions, 372-374, 378, 395(n.9) poverty, safety nets, 386 price controls and, 30 Russia, 147, 227, 460 Public enterprises, see Privatization; Public services; State ownership Public good, 111-113, 412, 485 Public sector, see Defense sector, Russia; Government role; Social welfare policy Public services, 135 media, 427, 485 tax base, 134 see also Social welfare policy R Racketeering, see Organized crime Rationing, 136, 141, 206 Real estate, 464 Russia, 123, 461 see also Housing; Land reform INDEX Redistributive systems, general, 16, 23, 413, 439, 477 China, decentralized, 436-444 model of communist state, 433-435 pretransition systems, 30-31 research priorities, 479 Russia, 85, 89-92 structural policy, 66, 68 see also Rent seeking; Social welfare policy Regional factors, 43, 48, 75, 486 China, 437-438, 440-442 health care, 337, 340, 344, 346 income, 363, 422-423 production concentrations, 86-87 Russia, 140, 144, 150, 170, 337, 340, 464 social policy, 259, 268, 337, 340 Soviet Union, 164 Regression analysis, labor market, 184, 187189, 193-197 Regulation, see Government regulation/ deregulation; Liberalization of markets Religious factors, 7, 39-43, 267, 268, 279, 467 Rent seeking, 8, 9, 22, 414, 434, 467, 477 defined, 460-461 Eastern Europe, 462 inflation and, 387 neoliberal interpretation, 413, 459-463 political control and, 47, 462-463 price controls and, 208, 209-210, 460, 462, 466-467 privatization and, 8, 460, 462 property rights, ill-defined, 29-30, 39, 137 research priorities, 481 stabilization policies, 462-463 Russia, 81, 89, 91, 92-93, 95-97, 98, 170172, 206-207, 208, 460-463 social safety nets, 390 Soviet Union, 27, 29, 33, 137 Research issues age factors, 484 bureaucracy, 482-483 children, 484 corruption, 480-481, 487 currency, 481 economists' research preferences, 35-36, 48-55, 61-62 employment, 483-485, 487 ethnic factors, 481, 484, 485, 486 funding, 489 Read the entire page →
From page 509... ... ~ tnJra currency and exchange, 29, 84, 85, 121, 147-148, 226, 460 defense sector, 136, 157, 166-167, 174 employee ownership, 143-144, 149, 461 employment and labor market, 224-242; see Wages and salaries infra age factors, 233, 234 globalized markets, 224, 225, 242 indices, 233 labor unions, 232 managerial hegemony, 96-97, 231 overemployment, 87, 89, 97-98, 145, 146 privatization, employee ownership, 143-144, 149 productive versus unproductive sectors, 91 sectoral composition of workforce, 235, 236 supply/demand, 224, 225, 228, 233, 237 unemployment, incl. benefits/services, 229, 232, 233-237, 242 women, 233, 234 entrepreneurship, 89, 240 environmental protection, 90-91 financial institutions, 147-151; see also banking and credit supra food products, 91, 207, 230, 329 GDP trends, 80, 90-91, 460, 461 globalized markets, 224, 225, 242 health care reform, 322, 324, 327-348 historical influences, 84, 119- 122, 135136, 219; see also Soviet Union immigration, Central Asia, 324-325 incentives, 82, 89, 95, 126, 140, 146, 153, 169, 211, 220 Read the entire page →
From page 510... ... taxes and, 227 stabilization policies, 84, 95, 462-463 labor market, 226 standard of living, 230, 239-240, 323, 324 taxation, 465, 482 accounting systems, 168 arrears, 464, 465 labor market, 227-228 organized crime, private, 216 payroll taxes, 227-228, 229, 337-338, 342 price controls and, 208, 216 small businesses, 228 underground economies, 236 tax evasion, 119, 123-124, 125, 127, 227, 239, 240 uncertainty, 123-125, 127, 326 underground economies, 119- 121, 123, 124, 230, 234, 236, 237, 239-240 unemployment benefits, 229, 232, 233-237 Read the entire page →
From page 511... ... , 227, 465 social welfare policy and, 255, 279, 285, 289, 308, 371, 375, 376, 378, 379 see also Pensions Second economies, see Underground economies Senegal, 390 Service sector Russia, 152, 236 see also Financial institutions and services; Social welfare policy Shock policies, 66, 157, 160, 207, 216, 233, 248-249 Slovak Republic, 205, 216, 255 pensions, 372 Slovenia, 255 inflation, 455 pensions, 372, 376 Small and medium-sized enterprises China, 437, 440-442 Poland, 146, 217, 236 511 Russia, 482 labor force, 228, 235-236 privatization, 143, 144, 151-152, 216 social welfare policy and, 253, 268 Soviet Union, 205 Smith, Adam, 35-37 Social welfare policy, 7, 65(n.3) , 71-72, 134, 223-224, 247-319, 409, 465 benefit defined, 227(n.5) Read the entire page →
From page 512... ... savings and, 255, 279, 285, 289, 308, 371, 375, 376, 378, 379 small businesses, 253, 268 stabilization policy and, 248, 250, 262-263 taxation to fund, 227-228, 252, 253, 279, 285, 286-287, 293-294, 304, 307, 315, 463 uncertainty, 279, 283, 313-318, 374 unemployment insurance, 229, 380, 390 wages and salaries, 259-260, 311, 327, 343-345 Sociocultural values, general, 2, 5, 16-17, 69, 85, 305, 314, 477, 486 contract theory, 254, 259, 307, 308 path dependence, 16-17, 21, 48, 75, 157, 173, 404, 408, 477 pensions, 371, 373, 374-375 property defined, 103, 107, 112- 115 see also Ethnicity and ethnic groups; Historical factors; Individualism; Religious factors Soviet Union, 133 bribery, 27, 137- 138 bureaucracy, 135-136, 139, 142-143, 217218 central planning, 120, 121, 134, 136, 137, 138-139, 142, 161-165, 225, 226, 228, 436-437 INDEX construction sector, 161-162, 163 contracts, 135, 138 corruption, 27, 137- 138, 142 criminal penalties, 27, 28, 31, 142, 162, 205 decentralization, 136- 137, 437 entrepreneurship, 120-121, 156, 160-166, 205 food products, 204 incentives, 27, 33, 136, 137, 138, 142 industrial sector, 138- 139 investment, 163-164 managers and management, 136, 138-139, 161-166 officials' wages, 27 political factors, 142, 143 post-dissolution, 133-154, 180, 252, 262, 264, 267 prices and price controls, 27, 29, 121, 136, 226 privatization, 29, 120-121, 133, 137, 204 205 property rights, 27, 137, 204 regional factors, 164 rent seeking, 27, 29, 33, 137 rule of law, 28, 119-122, 135, 142 small businesses, 205 wages, 27, 120, 225 see also New Independent States; specific countries Stabilization policies, general, 3, 13-14, 22, 454, 458, 464, 474 inflation, 456 liberalization and, 456 pensions and, 370 rent seeking, 462-463 research priorities, 481 Russia, 84, 95, 462-463 labor market, 226 social policy and, 248, 250, 262-263 Ukraine, 182 Yugoslavia, 264(n.12) see also Shock policies Stalin era, 142, 291 Standard of living, 186-187, 265, 273, 307, 457-458 Central Asia, 323 input/credit market access, 204 pensions, 374 Poland, 137, 219 research priorities, 483-484 Read the entire page →
From page 513... ... , 33, 139, 326 competitors, about, 219 contracts, 44-47 entrepreneurship, 160, 419 health costs, 251 New Independent States, 31 noncompliance and, 26 pensions, 370 policy lags, 67 property rights, 29-30, 102-116, 138, 141 public debt financing and, 30 Russia, 123-125, 127, 326 social welfare policy, 279, 283, 313-318, 374 structural policy, 66 see also Information scarcity; Risk taking Read the entire page →
From page 514... ... , 237, 242 arrears owed, as policy, 239, 464 entrepreneurial income, 240 INDEX heals care providers, 343-345 managerial power, 96-97 payroll taxes, 227-228, 229, 337-338, 342 privatization, 229, 239 sectoral differences, 237-238 structure of, incl. minimum, 232, 237 239 social services, 259-260, 311, 327, 343 345 Soviet Union, 27, 120, 225 structure of, incl. Read the entire page →

From page 497...

... Asia, 290 Central, health care reform, 322, 324, 326, 327-348 East Asia, 392(n.5) , 393, 465 see also specific countries Azerbaijan, 456, 457 497 B Baltic countries, see specific countries Bankruptcy, 93 Czech Republic, 249 Russia, 147, 171, 460-461 Banks and banking, 126 central banks, 3, 460-461, 463 Russia, 144, 147, 149-151, 170, 464 see also Credit; Savings Barter trade, 45, 126, 156 Russia, 85 Belarus, 455, 456, 457, 463, 464 Big-bang policies, see Shock policies Black market, see Underground economies Bolivia, 266, 389-390, 391, 392(n.6)

Index Pages 497-514

Index
Pages 497-514