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Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force Volume 7: Undersea Warfare (1997) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D: Compliance with Laws and Policy Protecting Marine Mammals and Endangered Marine Species
Pages 98-102

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From page 98...
... Even low-intensity sounds can propagate to very long ranges, so that the areas over which marine life might be affected and therefore the size of the potentially affected marine populations can be enormous. Early in 1997, the Commander in Chief of the Atlantic Fleet took unprecedented action to change a major North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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From page 99...
... The issue is primarily legal as well as humanitarian. The United States has enacted a body of laws and is signatory to international agreements designed to protect marine mammals and endangered species.
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From page 100...
... Here too a safe exposure limit is being discussed, based on a single experiment. The problem has intensified lately, primarily as the result of an increasingly aware, vocal, and powerful environmental activist movement that is demanding rigid compliance with the laws protecting marine mammals and endangered marine species.
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From page 101...
... Many years ago, the Navy took the lead; it now has several trained animals and has developed the technology to determine the impact of Navy operations on marine mammals and endangered marine species. Also, the Navy has a unique capability to understand the detailed propagation of underwater acoustics and therefore can ultimately ascertain the potential impacts of underwater sound on marine life.
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From page 102...
... Also, given that successful resolution is critical to naval operations, the Navy must pursue the R&D necessary to develop sufficient understanding of these issues to enable rational, informed decision making.
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Key Terms

  • marine life
  • marine species
  • endangered marine
  • underwater acoustic
  • protecting marine

  • acoustic energy
  • tactical sonars
  • sonar sounds
  • endangered species
  • impact statements

  • usually required
  • underwater sound
  • naval operations
  • endangered sea
  • laws protecting

  • develop sufficient
  • whales observed
  • environmental activist
  • marine resources
  • baleen whales

  • impulsive sounds
  • sea birds
  • major future
  • universal concern
  • navy sonars

  • involving bowhead
  • grave concern
  • bowhead whales
  • intensity sonars
  • value based


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