Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force Volume 9: Modeling and Simulation (1997) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 18-27
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From page 18... ...
over the next 3 to 4 decades. As discussed in the preface, the report is part of a larger National Research Council study, Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force.
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has developed a substantial Master Plan for M&S, the purpose of which is to establish a common technical framework for DOD's M&S.2 This involves establishing a common high-level simulation architecture (HLA) , conceptual models of the mission space (CMMS)
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The panel also made no attempt to conduct a full survey of Department of the Navy-relevant M&S, given the enormity of the subject. Much of the report deals with large-scale joint models such as those used in campaign planning, the evaluation of systems and new doctrinal concepts, or joint training, for example, M&S such as the JWARS and JSIMS systems now under development.
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The proper infrastructure creating interoperability and reusability of model components and data should lead to large dollar savings. However, there is no guarantee that this will occur or that naval forces will be adequately represented.
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In this report, the panel generally uses "model" to refer to a conceptual representation of some part of the real world, perhaps something expressed in equations, diagrams, or a verbal description. Some models generate descriptions of how the system of interest or aspects thereof change over time; these are called simulation models.
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From page 23... ...
The first distinction is significant when talking about M&S quality, because the problems may be in the software, the ideas and designs underlying the software, or the absence of any models beyond the computer code itself. The second distinction is important because a sound approach to the problems associated with M&S should include nonsimulation models.
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In particular, the panel refers to the important new activity of simulation-based acquisition. In this context, "simulation" refers to the computerized representation of something like an aircraft or ship being developed in a paperless environment even though the representation may be purely static.6 Models Versus Data Finally, there is the confusion between "model" and "data." In practice it is often not useful to emphasize the distinction, because modern well-designed M&S puts much of the content in data, providing users flexibility to change assumptions.
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From page 25... ...
That would be a healthy development. Hard Versus Soft Models Another distinction is that between "hard" and "soft" models, the former represented by, say, the engineering models used in fluid flow or sonar calculations, and the latter represented narrowly by decision models representing the adversary commander's behavior or more broadly by models dealing with individual and social behaviors.
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From page 26... ...
Perversely, there has been a chronic tendency for DOD modelers and analysts to avoid representing or considering "soft factors" despite the fact that history tells us they are often dominant. This disjunction between model and reality has long undercut the credibility of most combat models with warriors, historians, and analysts willing to recognize soft factors and uncertainty.8 It is one reason that higher-level M&S, such as campaign simulations, has seldom been of much interest to senior naval officers.
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From page 27... ...
This may prove unfair, however, and current work on object models is certainly a connection to model content, so a dashed line indicates that how JSIMS ends up is yet to be determined. In yet another contrast, mature models such as Vector II have long been seen as a repository of detailed information about forces, equipment, tactics, and terrain.
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