Pesticide Resistance Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986) / Chapter Skim
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Computer Simulation as a Tool for Pesticide Resistance Management
Computer Simulation as a Tool for Pesticide Resistance Management
Pages 194-206
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From page 194... ...
This paper demonstrates the use of simulation to study interactions among factors influencing resistance development, describes efforts to test models of resistance development, and illustrates management applications of computer models. Suggested guidelines for future tests of resistance models are to (IJ establish baseline data on susceptibility before populations are selectedfor resistance, (2)
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From page 195... ...
but is not intended to be exhaustive. rections for modeling that can increase its usefulness as a resistance management tool.
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INTERACTIONS There are four main classes of conditions for resistance development: (1) no immigration, low pesticide dose (R gene functionally dominant)
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Source: Tabashnik and Croft (1982~. fectively swamped out by susceptible immigrants, thereby retarding resistance development.
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The following discussion summarizes results of the studies and suggests how elements of both approaches can be combined to produce an especially powerful test of resistance models. Taylor et al.
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(1983) simulated five different treatment regimes, then compared the predicted resistance gene frequencies and population sizes with those observed in five corresponding experimental cages.
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Thus, ecological differences among apple species are sufficient for explaining observed variation in rates of resistance development among pests and natural enemies. There was no consistent bias in the predictions for pests, but predicted times were consistently less than observed times for natural enemies, suggesting that the original assumptions may omit factors that slow resistance development in natural enemies.
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5 FIGURE 3 Predicted versus observed times to evolve resistance to azinphosmethyl for apple arthropods. Predicted time (~)
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If this is so it may be possible to promote resistance development in natural enemies by ensuring them an adequate food supply following sprays either by reducing mortality to their prey/hosts or by providing an alternate food source when prey/hosts are scarce. The validation study of Tabashnik and Croft (1985)
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simulated resistance development by the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) under 12 management schemes based on three pesticide doses and four application schedules (Table 31.
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The projected times for resistance development in the European red mite are consistent with observed patterns of resistance to the acaricide cyhexatin in the United States. Since cyhexatin was introduced in 1970, resistance has not occurred in apple orchards, where it has been used judiciously in conjunction with biological control by predators.
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From page 205... ...
1983. Buildup of a pathogen subpopulation resistant to a systemic fungicide under various control strategies: A flexible simulation model.
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From page 206... ...
1982. A model for the elimination of insecticide resistance using heterozygous disadvantage.
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