Antarctic Treaty System An Assessment: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Beardmore South Field Camp, Antarctica, January 7-13, 1985 (1986) / Chapter Skim
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9. The Antarctic Treaty as a Scientific Mechanism (Post-IGY) - Contributions of Antarctic Scientific Research
9. The Antarctic Treaty as a Scientific Mechanism (Post-IGY) - Contributions of Antarctic Scientific Research
Pages 103-152
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From page 103... ...
The treaty nations, through the Antarctic Treaty System, have supported this objective. Their fundamental basic tenets include peaceful cooperation among nations, freedom of exchange of results, and preservation of the antarctic environment.
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From page 104... ...
For example, the global information set required to extend weather forecasts to several days or to understand interannual climatic fluctuations cannot exclude data from such a large and influential region of the Earth as the Antarctic. The impact of interannual climatic fluctuations on agricultural production and the global economy could be considered reason enough for a continuing antarctic program aimed at increasing our understanding of the global climate system.
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From page 105... ...
Some examples of these advances include satellites for remote sensing, geodetic location, and communications, automatic stations and drifting buoys, aircraft remote sensing and ice thickness sounding, deep ice core drilling, and sophisticated ice core analyses. In particular, the polar-orbiting satellites have been greatly improved and now provide a data bank of many years' complete mosaic coverage of the globe, including the polar regions, as illustrated in Figure 9-1.
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a satellite thermal infrared mosaic of Antarctica and the Southern Hemisphere produced from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nimbus 6 data on March 1.9, 1980; and (b)
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Earlier versions post-IGY include the U.S. Antarctic Map Folio Series Folio 2 by Bentley et al.
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From page 108... ...
US 1,, hi:,::::\ \::::2 :22 "1 1 I Not / \Prince Edward / \ Island ~ \FR IS \ Crozet ·W _ 4,\,\~. \ \ AU 4 Macquarie' Island/ NZ 2~ b 11 ~ \ Tasmania ~ - 50°~ Island \ 180 FEW ~ ~ ZEA LAND FIGURE 9-2 Location and nationality of the network of antarctic meteorological stations involved in routine surface and upper air observations "modified from SCAR, 1984)
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169°09' E Poland PO1 Arctowski, 62°09' S 58°28' W South Africa SA3 SA1 Sanae, 70°18' S
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111 r>: ~ Y_y_N2 I aim Id ~ :~.
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112 fat lo ~ ' ,~5 J~sJ l - - - __ _- ~ m 1 1 \ Jo ~ \J ~ r ( \ ' ~1 FIGURE 9-5 Relative areas of exposed rock in the Antarctic (Area 1: 0.33 x 106km2 or 2.4%) compared with that in the Australian Antarctic Territory (Area 2: .011 x 106km2)
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From page 113... ...
The small area of total exposed antarctic rock in the Australian Antarctic Territory represents a small fraction of western Australia, where wide range of easily accessible minerals is relatively abundant. Similar comparisons with the other, larger continental land masses are also valid.
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From page 114... ...
. The intergovernmental Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources also carries out this function.
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From page 115... ...
Jediun' cover Substantial cove, 7 Close cover' ~hi`' oust C1~:39e course 8 Very close cover; ship must ch_~'e course Ircqu~tly 9 Extremely close cove navigation is possible only by meneuvelag a, hissing the iceberg conce—atlons that Boar dims [cola ~ solid ban1. ·~W ~ 6 0 \ \ \ \ amp/ ~ 15~1190o ~ `\~ ~ race— \ \ \ \ ~~\~\` \ f,,/~//,j/ ~/~/~,'' '' Points be__ ___~ Scale me on I arlTIlnF ° Oo 30( OJ 20t D 1 0 / / l l / 65 60 ; S5 50 45 g 15OO 0` 8 1 000 2000 ~ 0 ~5 DISTANCE FRO', COAST km FIGURE 9-6 Average concentrations of icebergs around Antarctica from the Soviet Antarctic Atlas (from Bakayev, 1966; and Morgan and Budd, 1978)
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From page 116... ...
humpback \ /~/ / /\ - ~ fur 1910 1920 1930 t940 t950 1960 1970 1980 time FIGURE 9-7 Major changes in the antarctic oceans biomass associated with past harvesting activities, as given by (Chittleborough, 1984 ) (Repr inted with permission)
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From page 117... ...
In the interim, it appears that the iceberg water could be quite competitive with other sources of fresh water, particularly in times of drought. ANTARCTICA AS A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESOURCE Although little direct commercial exploitation of the Antarctic can be expected in the medium term, it needs to be recognized that the antarctic region is invaluable as a resource for scientific research, particularly for the environmental sciences that help us better to manage our planet.
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17 Id: it: : : :~: ~ ~~::~ ~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ o a,)
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From page 119... ...
Because of the increased environmental stress caused by growing human populations, climatic fluctuations even in the present era, such as the E1 Nino and Southern Oscillation episodes, can have major social and economic impacts. The antarctic region is an integral part of this global climate system and, particularly with regard to sea ice, needs to be studied along with changes in the atmosphere and ocean.
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From page 120... ...
ANTARCTIC PUBLICATIONS AND THE KNOWLEDGE EXPLOS ION Although antarctic scientists may be well aware of the wide impact of antarctic science within the general science literature, it may be of interest to try to quantify the impact since the IGY. This task is worthy of a much more thorough analysis than is attempted here, but this review can be regarded simply as a very preliminary survey of the publications.
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From page 122... ...
Although the categories again are somewhat different, because they were based on the SCAR disciplines, the relative numbers in the different disciplines are similar. This table also shows national preferences for some disciplines in antarctic activities and the totals for the different nations for this recent period are compared with the national origins of literature in the Library of Congress compilation for the earlier period in Table 9-3.
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123 a, ~ CD dP ai c~~ _ ~a ~n a: ~ ~ ~: o ~ ~ .
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From page 124... ...
noted that these statistics represent the numer ical proportions included in the volume and not the world's output of Antarctic literature. bFrom Table 3 (after Budd, 1984)
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125 { - , ,, m- In ~ .,, 2 a, EN ~ in .,, .,, i)
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126 C to .
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shows the main water-mass transfers and the prominent role of antarctic sea ice in driving the deep mixing by salt rejection. High on the list of topics for which antarctic research has been a key factor is the concept of continental drift and the reconstruction of the past locations of the continents.
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From page 131... ...
131 ( I, ~ ~ GONDWANALAND tr''ro'.uru' '`eleton, on di~plor In Sewlh A,rico.
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From page 132... ...
The basic dynamics of the present-day antarctic ice sheet, determined from many years' observations, has provided the basis for computing the behavior of the ice age ice sheets that covered North America and Europe some 20,000 years ago (Budd and Smith, 1981)
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Pleistocene and recent Northern Hemisphere VGP. Note the clustering of VGP's around the modern geographic pole rather than around the present geomagnetic pole (redrawn from Cox and Doell, 1960)
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From page 135... ...
with computed ice volume changes from ice sheet modeling in response to the Earth's orbital radiation changes (from Budd and Smith, 1981, 1985) (Reprinted with permission)
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136 ~\711l 1 , 67 1 \ \\ \\ o O /W it\ it\ it\ r lo' ~/~K in / / //' 1/ ' I ~ I ~ 1 i?
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v se~ew ~uden c~ ° ~0 ~n ~ 0 ~ e nl a~v 1:11~ - t I 1H ~ _ | N ~ ~ !
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From page 138... ...
shows clearly how the bedrock and ice thickness can be determined and also important subsurface layering within the ice. This subsurface layering may be able to be tied in the ice core data to serve as clear historical markers of the ancient layers preserved in the ice.
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Longer term changes of ice volume computed by Budd and Smith (1985) compared with (b)
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140 w an < 2 0 1 O ~ _ _.k0 Site of retle`:tlon / coeff. profile / O km loo Crossing point FIGURE 9-19 Radio ice thickness sounding records given by Robin (1983)
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From page 141... ...
Participation in antarctic activities for a wider cross section of the global community should be encouraged, but this should be done with care to preserve the principles of the Antarctic Treaty, particularly regarding preservation, peaceful cooperation, and free exchange of scientific research results. In this regard the treaty nations can play a major role, somewhat similar to the concept of park rangers working to understand the region better, to publicize the value and features of the region, and to preserve it well for future generation.
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From page 144... ...
1969. Distribution of selected groups of marine invertebrates in waters south of 35°S latitude, Folio 11, Antarctic Map Folio Series, American Geographical Society (New York)
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Australia's Antarctic Policy Options, CRES Monograph 11, Australian National University (Canberra)
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1971. Coastal and deep-water benthiC fishes of the Antarctic, Folio 15, Antarctic Map Folio Series, American Geographical Society (New York)
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1973. Marine sediments of the Southern Ocean, Folio 17, Antarctic Map Folio Series, American Geographical Society (New York)
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Carbon Dioxide and Climate: Australian Research, Australian Academy of Science, Australian National University (Canberra)
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1964. Aeronomical Maps for the Antarctic, Folio 1, Antarctic Map Folio Series, American Geographical Society (New York)
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Australia's Antarctic Policy Options, CRES Monograph 11, Australian National University (Canberra)
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From page 151... ...
and correlations with the northwestern European stratigraphy: brief report, In IGCP Project 73/1/24 Quaternary glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere, Rep.
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