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Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiations Time for Reassessment? (1998) / Chapter Skim
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4. Animal Studies
Pages 30-32

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From page 30...
... 4 ANIMAL STUDIES Expenmental studies of radiation carcinogenesis in animals have been used to develop biologic pnnciples applicable to human risk estimates and to the development and testing of mechanistic models. Long-term animal studies conducted from the 1950s through the 19SOs provided a substantial amount of quantitative information on dose-response relationships for a number of radiation-induced tumors after gamma irradiation and on the influence of dose rate and fractionation on these relationships (NCRP 1980; UNSCEAR INS, 1993~.
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From page 31...
... Because of their consistency with projections from biophysical models of radiation effects, the combination of dose response and dose-rate data for tumor induction obtained from animal studies and data on various end points in animal and human cells provide substantial support for the application of a dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF) in the estimation of cancer risks in human populations at low doses and low dose rates (UNSCEAR 1988; NRC 1990; ICRP 1991~.
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From page 32...
... CONCLUSIONS Over the next few years, two closely linked approaches using animal models of carcinogenesis are likely to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of radiation-induced cancer. Researchers conducting this new generation of animal studies are taking advantage of the current rapid development of molecular genetics.
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Key Terms

  • animal studies
  • radiation effects
  • biophysical models
  • dose rate
  • initiation frequencies

  • events involved
  • risk estimates
  • dose rates
  • cancer development
  • carcinogenic effects

  • molecular events
  • low dose
  • cancer induction
  • total doses
  • cell cycle

  • approaches using
  • current rapid
  • specific genes
  • substantial amount
  • vitro models

  • quantitative information
  • unit dose
  • mechanistic models
  • frequencies derived
  • animal models

  • radiation carcinogenesis
  • researchers conducting
  • genomic fidelity
  • develop biologic
  • radiation quality


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