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From page 261... ... Index A Active faulting/Faults definition, 5, 51-52 detection methods, 50-51 geodetic indicators of, 53 geologic indicators of, 52 geomorphic indicators of, 52-53 in interplate regions, 49 in San Francisco Bay area, 157 in Transverse Ranges, 24 landform indicators of, 52 parameters for estimating earthquake magnitudes, 55 patterns of, 12 related to folding, 63-77 secondary ruptures along, 47-48 seismological indicators of, 53-54 societal implications of, 75-77 stratigraphic relations along, 10 surface rupture by, 47-48 sympathetic offsets on, 48 trenching across, 152 Active tectonics alluvial river response to, 80-92 definition, 3, 5 evaluation techniques, 3, 9-12, 42, 137-139 forecasts, 3, 4, 11, 16 future concerns, 9 geodetic measurement of, 4, 10, 155-163 geomorphic analyses of, 4, 11 geomorphic evidence of, 81-85, 136-146 impact on effective use of rivers and canals, 85-92 impacts on society, 12-17 261 indicators of, 52-53, 81, 84-85, 137-140, 142 investigation via surficial earth processes, 136-146 process response models in, 141-146 rates of, 141-146 research priorities and actions, 17-19, 120, 148-152 seismological and paleoseismological research techniques in, 148-152 time period of analysis, 4, 9-10, 21 volcanism in context of, 232-233 see also Coastal tectonics; Tectonic listings Adirondack Dome, 31, 33, 39 Afterslip, 32, 165, 166, 171, 173-175 Alaska crust deformation in, 45 Gulf of, 111-112, 119 seismic gaps near, 57 strandlines in, 115 uplift in, 37, 97, 115, 118-119 Alaska-Aleutian seismic zone, earthquakes along, 58 Alluvial fans, 139-140, 141 Alluvial rivers drainage pattern disruptions, 81 C response to active tectonics, 80-92 see also Channels Amino acid racemization, 197, 199, 201, 206 Appalachian Mountains, uplift of, 37, 39 Arching, of Gulf Coastal Plain, 38 Ash, volcanic dating, 133, 134, 210 Asthenospheric bumps, 40 Australia, northeastern, character of coastline, 97 Avalanches, 235 B Baja California, tectonic activity of, 21-22 Barbados, strandlines of, 100, 107 Basalt flows dating by, 133-134 see also Lava flows Basin and Range province, 127-129, 135, 190, 192, 211 Bay of Bothnia, character of, 98 Benioff-Wadati zone, 57-58 Beryllium-10 dating, 205, 212 Big Colewa Creek channel profile of, 89 effect of Monroe Uplift on, 89-90 Boeuf River, channel profile of, 89 Bogue Homo Creek, effect of Wiggins Uplift on, 90-91 Boreholes, 51 Boso Peninsula, Japan, 200, 202 British Columbia Coast Mountains, uplift activity in. 26 Calderas, 36, 104-105, 234-235 California active strike-slip faulting in, 141 active-tectonic realms of, 20-26 borderland, tectonic activity of, 23 Coast Banges, tectonic activity of, 25 coastline displacement, 107 Gulf of, tectonic activity of, 21-22 Read the entire page →
From page 262... ... , 33 Himalayan, 64 historical records of, 10, 45-46 Homestead Valley (1979) , 166 identification of, 150 Imperial Valley (1979) Read the entire page →
From page 263... ... Erosion cycle of, 126 of fault scarps, 152 stream valley, 128 Escarpments drainage divide, 130 profiles of, 131 see also Fault scarps; Scarps Fault displacements frequency of occurrence, 5 lateral, 7 measurement, 10 relationship between earthquake magnitude and, 55 vertical component of, 113-114 Fault scarps erosion of, 152 flexural-slip, 68 generation of, 129-131 gravitational effects on, 9 hypothetical uplift history of, 126 identification of, 150 in alluvium, 127 Late Quaternary, 48 mapping, 55 morphologic dating and modeling degradation of, 181-193 morphology of, 11, 142-144 Reelfoot Lake, 46 simple, 189-193 Faulting/Faults and Fault systems and zones activity rates of, 54 Alpine, 63, 149 bending moment, 68-69, 72, 76 classification of, 67 dating prehistoric, 197, 200 discontinuities in, 55-56 Gases, volcanic, 235, 240 earthquake epicentral and hypocentral Geodesy distributions of, 53 near-field tectonic, 164-177 263 recommended research priorities on, 17 satellite, 53 Geodetic monitoring accuracy, 37, 167-171 techniques, 10, 167-177 Geologic history, tectonic activity forecasts from, 4, 9 Geology data base, 216-217 real-time, recommended research priorities on, 18 volcanic, of Nevada Test site, 251-253 Geomorphic indices mountain-front sinuosity, 138-139 stream gradient, 137-138 valley width-to-height ratio, 139 Geomorphic processes rates of, 7-9, 131-134 surficial, 136-146 Geomorphology focus of, 11 investigatory techniques of, 136-146 recommended research priorities on, 17 soil, 146 studies in, 27 tectonic, of escarpments and mountain fronts, 125-135, 139-141 Glaciations, dating of, 206-207 Global Positioning System, S3, 162-163 Grand Wash Cliffs, 130, 132, 133 Gravitational field, changes preceding volcanic eruption, 240 Gravity effects of on geomorphic process rates, 9 methods for studying fault zones, 51 Grey-Inangahua Basin, flexural-slip faults of, 65, 72, 76 Ground motion, strong, characteristics and intensity, 47 Gulf Coastal Plain, arching of, 38 H Hawaii dry-tilt measurement in, 172 volcanic activity in, 7-8, 31 Hazardous waste, tectonic stability of disposal sites, 92, 247-259 Hazards earthquake, 14, 24, 45-60, 226-228 evaluation, 3, 4, 14, 24, 41, 45-60, 151, 215-228, 247-259 related to faults, 47-49 seismic, trends in geologic analysis, 215-228 volcanic, 13, 247-259 Henry Mountains, 183-184 Hillslopes character of, 126 degradation patterns of, 181-183 loosening-limited, 183-185, 188-189, 191 profile of, 187 transport-limited, 183-188, 189, 191-193 Read the entire page →
From page 264... ... 264 assemblages, 126, 139-141 dating, 126 evaluation of faulted, 144 study of active tectonics through, 4, 11 types, 125-126 Landslides, 48-49, 92, 150 Laser ranging satellite, 10, 42, 163 strain measurement by, 10 two-color, 10 Lava flows, 234 Level lines, 10, 53, 168 Leveling, geodetic, 42, 53, 159-161, 166, 169-171, 175 Lichenometry, 197, 199 Liquefaction, 48-49, 150 Lithospheric plates, see Plates Loess deposits, thermoluminescence dating of, 205 Los Gatos Creek, deformation of stream bed of, 72-73, 160-161 Lost River Range, faults along, 13-14 Low-Sun angle photography, 50, 53, 56 M J L weathering-limited, 184 see also Slopes Himalaya greatest earthquakes of, 64 map of southern margin of, 74 thrust front, profile of, 74 Historical records geodetic monitoring through, 10 of earthquakes, 10, 45-46 Holocene deposits, as indicators of fault activity, 52 deposits, in faults, 144 fault displacements, 13, 15 motions, 39 strandlines, 96-99, 102-108, 110-113, 115-120 see also Chronology; Paleoseismology Hot spots, 39, 41 Hudson Bay, character of, 98 Hurricane Cliffs, 130, 135 Hydration obsidian, 197, 199, 206 tephra, 197, 199 I India active foreland thrust belt of, 73 alluvial plain of, 73 as a rigid indenter, 41 underthrusting beneath Himalaya, 75 Indus Valley, impact of active tectonics on river use, 85 Instruments, geodetic monitoring, 10 Interferometry, very-long-baseline, 10, 163 Interplate regions, characteristics of, 49 Intraplate deformations mechanisms for, 40 social impact of, 41 Intraplate movements, 9, 30-42, 45-46, 49-50, 55, 59 Intraplate regions seismic hazard evaluation of, 49-50 Iran impact of active tectonics on canal use, 85 strandlines in, 115 uplift rate in, 10 Iwo Jima, volcanic uplift of, 104-105 Japan active folding in, 66-67 coseismic uplift in, 115-118 investigation of faulted terraces in, 145 strandlines, 97, 101, 108-110, 113, 115 stratigraphic record of, 10 vertical displacement rates in, 7 Lahars, 235 Land use planning, 137 Landforms as indicators of fault activity, 52 INDEX Magma associated with monogenetic volcanic centers, 249 feeder systems, 249 inflation, intraplate, 35-36 intrusion into lower crust, 40 movements, subsurface, 35 separation, 40 volume vs. time plots, 253, 255 Magnetic field, changes preceding volcanic eruption, 240-241 Magnetostratigraphy, 73, 75 Magnitude maximum moment, of subduction zone rupture, 58 moment, 54, 149 scales, 54 surface wave, 52 see also Earthquake magnitudes Mammoth Lakes, intracrustal magmatism in, 36 Mantle, densification, 40 Matuyama Reversed-Polarity Chron, 210 Mendocino triple junction deformations at, 21, 25, 26 plate activity at, 6, 20, 26 Michigan Basin, 31, 33, 40 Microearthquakes, 149 Microplates boundaries, 49 collision with major plates, 6 domains, fault characteristics of, 49 Microseismicity, determining distributions of, 11-12 Microtopography, 140 Middle America, population dwelling near volcanoes in, 237 Mississippi River effects of uplifts on, 91 history of, 87 longitudinal profiles of, 86 profile through Monroe Uplift, 88 Mississippi Valley earthquake potential, 14 impact of active tectonics on river use, 85-91 Modeling/Models characteristic earthquake, 222-224 crustal structure and behavior, 24 earthquake hazard, 226-228 earthquake recurrence, 56, 224-226 hillslope degradation, 185-193 of fault scarps, 181-193 of fault segments, 55 of fold-and-thrust belt mechanics, 64, 76-77 Poisson-Exponential, 227 process response, 141-146 renewal, 228 schematic, of fault structure, 57 seismic deformation cycle, 156 seismogenic, 47 snowplow, 64 time-predictable, 227 Mojave Desert nontectonic fault slip in, 169 pediment surface in, 133 Molasse sediments, 74 Monitoring crustal tilt, 171-173 deformation rates, 155-156 dry-tilt method, 172-173 faults, 25, 165 geodetic, 10, 17, 37, 164-177 Long Valley, 36 recurrence of slip-stick faulting, 76 San Andreas Fault system, 25 seismic, of volcanoes, 239 strain and stress, 18, 53 stratigraphic, 10-11 volcanoes, 238-241 see also Instruments Monroe Uplift active tectonics of, 87-90 uplift rates of, 7 Montague Island, vertical displacement of, 7, 48 Montalvo Mounds, 72 Morphology, stream-valley, 128-129 Mountain blocks, 127-128 Mountain fronts fault-generated, 127-129 hypothetical uplift history of, 126 tectonic geomorphology of, 125-135 Mountains, see specific mountains Murray River, 81 N Nankai Trough, seismic activity of, 161-162 Neotectonics, 9, 39 Read the entire page →
From page 265... ... 265 p o INDEX Nevada Test Site radioactive waste disposal in, 248 volcanic geology of, 251-253 New Guinea coastline tilt of, 109 strandlines, 96, 99-100, 107-109 New Mexico, uplift in, 35 New York, seismicity in, 34-35, 39 New Zealand block diagram of Giles Creek faulting, 66 coseismic uplift in, 119-120 investigation of faulted terraces in, 145 strandlines, 97, 101, 111-113, 120 see also Grey-Inangahua Basin North America seismicity of eastern coast, 97 southeastern, character of coastline, 97, 101 western, historical earthquake records of, 10 see also United States Nuclear fuel, spent, disposal of, 248 Nuclear reactors Bodega Bay, 12-13 GE Vallecitos test, 210 seismic hazards to, 215 siting, 51, 215 Oakwood Salt Dome, 92 Obduction, description, 6 Oil exploration, in active fold-and-thrust belts, 76 Oklahoma, fault displacements in, 15 Oregon active-tectonic realms of, 21, 22, 26 Coast Ranges, tectonic activity of, 26 coastline displacement, 107 plate activity beneath, 6 Orogeny Reformational processes of, 5-6 examples, 6 Pakistan active foreland thrust belt of, 73 Salt Range, 64, 73 Paleomagnetism, 200, 210 Paleoseismicity Holocene, 144 Paleoseismology Central Nevada Seismic Belt, 57 earthquake magnitude approximation in, 55 earthquake risk assessment through, 125 of San Andreas Fault zone, 56 progress in, 149 recommended research priorities on, 17-18 research techniques in, 148-152 Palos Verdes Peninsula, marine strandlines of, 95 Pearl River, effect of Wiggins Uplift on, 91 Pediments, 131, 133 Peninsular Ranges, tectonic activity of, 23 Plate tectonics theory, 30, 49, 233 Plates activity along margins of, 5-6 Asiatic, 6 Australia-India, 119 boundaries, 57, 95, 233 boundary forces of, 39 collision of, 6, 39 convergence, 21, 57-58, 63, 73, 232-233 Eurasian, 73, 75, 115, 116 Indian, 6, 39, 73, 75 Juan de Fuca-Gorda, 5-6, 20, 21, 26, 57-58, 158 location of volcanoes relative to, 232-233 movement of, 6, 7, 10 21, 30 North American, 5-7, 20-21, 25, 26, 39, 50, 57, 75, 158, 211 Pacific, 5-7, 20, 21, 25, 26, 30-31, 75, 119, 211 Philippine Sea, 161 rotation, 23 sliding past each other, 30 see also Interplate and Intraplate listings; Microplates Pleistocene strandlines, 96, 98-102, 104, 106-109, 111, 113, 115 see also Chronology; Dating; Paleoseismology Porpoise structure, 23, 25 Postglacial rebound, 30, 32, 36-37, 39, 41, 105 Predictions implications of preseismic deformations for, 34 seismic event, 4, 7-8, 16-17, 34, 41, 49, 57, 118, 136, 142, 144, 169, 249-251 Probabilistic risk assessment, 253-256 Probability studies, recommended research priorities on, 18 Pyroclastic falls and flows, 234 Pyroclastic surge, 235 R Radar imagery, 50 Radioactive waste disposal, volcanic hazard assessment for, 247-259 Radioactive waste repository, effect of volcanic eruption on, 249-251 Range fronts, characterization, 8 Ranges, see specific ranges Reactivation concept, 39 Red Mountain, strandline across, 113 Research needs coastal tectonics, 120-121 in coastal tectonics, 120-121 in tectonic geomorphology, 135 morphologic dating of fault scarps, 193 on dating, 17 on probability studies, 18 seismological and paleoseismological, 17-18, 151-152 Ring of Fire, 30, 233 Rio Grande rift, 35, 36 Rivers major, in areas of structural instability, 80 see also Aluvial rivers; specific rivers Rockfalls, 48 S Salton Trough, 21-22, 166, 169 San Francisco Bay area, active faults of, 157 San Gabriel Mountains, application of stream-gradient index to, 137-138 Sand blows, liquefaction-related, 57, 150 Santa Clara syncline, diagrammatic cross-section, 66 Satellite, geodesy, 53 Scarps tectonic geomorphology of, 125-135 with simple initial morphology, profile of, 183 see also Escarpments; Fault scarps Sea level changes, 36-37, 95-121 history, 96, 99, 104 Sedimentary deposits, use to appraise earthquake hazards, 24 Seiches, 48-49 Seismic gaps, description, 57 Seismic moment, 54, 149 Seismic networks, 4, 54 Seismic reflection techniques, 51 Seismicity global map of, 31 of eastern United States, 50 of intraplate regions, 49-50 patterns of, 53-54 resulting from magma inflation, 35 see also Paleoseismicity Seismographs, 25, 239 Seismology improved techniques of, 149 research techniques in, 148-152 Seismometer networks, 53, 152 Shivwitz Plateau, 132 Sierra Nevada foothills, earthquake and fault displacement potential of, 13 Sinuosity mountain front, 8, 128, 137-139 river channel, 82-84, 87, 88-92 Slip aseismic, 165 coseismic, 114 dynamically triggered, 166-167, 169, 174, 176 preseismic, 174 rates, 51-52, 56, 146, 149, 158, 216, 225-226 Slopes characterization of, 126-127 elements of, 143 Read the entire page →
From page 266... ... active tectonic realms of, 21, 22, 26 Coast Ranges, tectonic activity of, 26 coastline displacement, 107 plate activity beneath, 6 volcanic activity in, 8 Wiggins Uplift, active tectonics of, 90-91 Wrench faulting, 26 United States central and eastern, earthquake characteristics in, 46 eastern, seismicity in, 50 eastern, vertical motion of, 39 intraplate stress patterns for, 39 investigation of faulted terraces in, 145 northwestern, subduction character of, 57-58 western, active fault evaluation in, 46 western, vertical displacement rates in, 7 see also North America Zagros Mountains, 64 y Yellowstone National Park, intracrustal magmatism in, 36 z Read the entire page →

From page 261...

... Index A Active faulting/Faults definition, 5, 51-52 detection methods, 50-51 geodetic indicators of, 53 geologic indicators of, 52 geomorphic indicators of, 52-53 in interplate regions, 49 in San Francisco Bay area, 157 in Transverse Ranges, 24 landform indicators of, 52 parameters for estimating earthquake magnitudes, 55 patterns of, 12 related to folding, 63-77 secondary ruptures along, 47-48 seismological indicators of, 53-54 societal implications of, 75-77 stratigraphic relations along, 10 surface rupture by, 47-48 sympathetic offsets on, 48 trenching across, 152 Active tectonics alluvial river response to, 80-92 definition, 3, 5 evaluation techniques, 3, 9-12, 42, 137-139 forecasts, 3, 4, 11, 16 future concerns, 9 geodetic measurement of, 4, 10, 155-163 geomorphic analyses of, 4, 11 geomorphic evidence of, 81-85, 136-146 impact on effective use of rivers and canals, 85-92 impacts on society, 12-17 261 indicators of, 52-53, 81, 84-85, 137-140, 142 investigation via surficial earth processes, 136-146 process response models in, 141-146 rates of, 141-146 research priorities and actions, 17-19, 120, 148-152 seismological and paleoseismological research techniques in, 148-152 time period of analysis, 4, 9-10, 21 volcanism in context of, 232-233 see also Coastal tectonics; Tectonic listings Adirondack Dome, 31, 33, 39 Afterslip, 32, 165, 166, 171, 173-175 Alaska crust deformation in, 45 Gulf of, 111-112, 119 seismic gaps near, 57 strandlines in, 115 uplift in, 37, 97, 115, 118-119 Alaska-Aleutian seismic zone, earthquakes along, 58 Alluvial fans, 139-140, 141 Alluvial rivers drainage pattern disruptions, 81 C response to active tectonics, 80-92 see also Channels Amino acid racemization, 197, 199, 201, 206 Appalachian Mountains, uplift of, 37, 39 Arching, of Gulf Coastal Plain, 38 Ash, volcanic dating, 133, 134, 210 Asthenospheric bumps, 40 Australia, northeastern, character of coastline, 97 Avalanches, 235 B Baja California, tectonic activity of, 21-22 Barbados, strandlines of, 100, 107 Basalt flows dating by, 133-134 see also Lava flows Basin and Range province, 127-129, 135, 190, 192, 211 Bay of Bothnia, character of, 98 Benioff-Wadati zone, 57-58 Beryllium-10 dating, 205, 212 Big Colewa Creek channel profile of, 89 effect of Monroe Uplift on, 89-90 Boeuf River, channel profile of, 89 Bogue Homo Creek, effect of Wiggins Uplift on, 90-91 Boreholes, 51 Boso Peninsula, Japan, 200, 202 British Columbia Coast Mountains, uplift activity in. 26 Calderas, 36, 104-105, 234-235 California active strike-slip faulting in, 141 active-tectonic realms of, 20-26 borderland, tectonic activity of, 23 Coast Banges, tectonic activity of, 25 coastline displacement, 107 Gulf of, tectonic activity of, 21-22

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... , 33 Himalayan, 64 historical records of, 10, 45-46 Homestead Valley (1979) , 166 identification of, 150 Imperial Valley (1979)

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From page 263...

... Erosion cycle of, 126 of fault scarps, 152 stream valley, 128 Escarpments drainage divide, 130 profiles of, 131 see also Fault scarps; Scarps Fault displacements frequency of occurrence, 5 lateral, 7 measurement, 10 relationship between earthquake magnitude and, 55 vertical component of, 113-114 Fault scarps erosion of, 152 flexural-slip, 68 generation of, 129-131 gravitational effects on, 9 hypothetical uplift history of, 126 identification of, 150 in alluvium, 127 Late Quaternary, 48 mapping, 55 morphologic dating and modeling degradation of, 181-193 morphology of, 11, 142-144 Reelfoot Lake, 46 simple, 189-193 Faulting/Faults and Fault systems and zones activity rates of, 54 Alpine, 63, 149 bending moment, 68-69, 72, 76 classification of, 67 dating prehistoric, 197, 200 discontinuities in, 55-56 Gases, volcanic, 235, 240 earthquake epicentral and hypocentral Geodesy distributions of, 53 near-field tectonic, 164-177 263 recommended research priorities on, 17 satellite, 53 Geodetic monitoring accuracy, 37, 167-171 techniques, 10, 167-177 Geologic history, tectonic activity forecasts from, 4, 9 Geology data base, 216-217 real-time, recommended research priorities on, 18 volcanic, of Nevada Test site, 251-253 Geomorphic indices mountain-front sinuosity, 138-139 stream gradient, 137-138 valley width-to-height ratio, 139 Geomorphic processes rates of, 7-9, 131-134 surficial, 136-146 Geomorphology focus of, 11 investigatory techniques of, 136-146 recommended research priorities on, 17 soil, 146 studies in, 27 tectonic, of escarpments and mountain fronts, 125-135, 139-141 Glaciations, dating of, 206-207 Global Positioning System, S3, 162-163 Grand Wash Cliffs, 130, 132, 133 Gravitational field, changes preceding volcanic eruption, 240 Gravity effects of on geomorphic process rates, 9 methods for studying fault zones, 51 Grey-Inangahua Basin, flexural-slip faults of, 65, 72, 76 Ground motion, strong, characteristics and intensity, 47 Gulf Coastal Plain, arching of, 38 H Hawaii dry-tilt measurement in, 172 volcanic activity in, 7-8, 31 Hazardous waste, tectonic stability of disposal sites, 92, 247-259 Hazards earthquake, 14, 24, 45-60, 226-228 evaluation, 3, 4, 14, 24, 41, 45-60, 151, 215-228, 247-259 related to faults, 47-49 seismic, trends in geologic analysis, 215-228 volcanic, 13, 247-259 Henry Mountains, 183-184 Hillslopes character of, 126 degradation patterns of, 181-183 loosening-limited, 183-185, 188-189, 191 profile of, 187 transport-limited, 183-188, 189, 191-193

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From page 264...

... 264 assemblages, 126, 139-141 dating, 126 evaluation of faulted, 144 study of active tectonics through, 4, 11 types, 125-126 Landslides, 48-49, 92, 150 Laser ranging satellite, 10, 42, 163 strain measurement by, 10 two-color, 10 Lava flows, 234 Level lines, 10, 53, 168 Leveling, geodetic, 42, 53, 159-161, 166, 169-171, 175 Lichenometry, 197, 199 Liquefaction, 48-49, 150 Lithospheric plates, see Plates Loess deposits, thermoluminescence dating of, 205 Los Gatos Creek, deformation of stream bed of, 72-73, 160-161 Lost River Range, faults along, 13-14 Low-Sun angle photography, 50, 53, 56 M J L weathering-limited, 184 see also Slopes Himalaya greatest earthquakes of, 64 map of southern margin of, 74 thrust front, profile of, 74 Historical records geodetic monitoring through, 10 of earthquakes, 10, 45-46 Holocene deposits, as indicators of fault activity, 52 deposits, in faults, 144 fault displacements, 13, 15 motions, 39 strandlines, 96-99, 102-108, 110-113, 115-120 see also Chronology; Paleoseismology Hot spots, 39, 41 Hudson Bay, character of, 98 Hurricane Cliffs, 130, 135 Hydration obsidian, 197, 199, 206 tephra, 197, 199 I India active foreland thrust belt of, 73 alluvial plain of, 73 as a rigid indenter, 41 underthrusting beneath Himalaya, 75 Indus Valley, impact of active tectonics on river use, 85 Instruments, geodetic monitoring, 10 Interferometry, very-long-baseline, 10, 163 Interplate regions, characteristics of, 49 Intraplate deformations mechanisms for, 40 social impact of, 41 Intraplate movements, 9, 30-42, 45-46, 49-50, 55, 59 Intraplate regions seismic hazard evaluation of, 49-50 Iran impact of active tectonics on canal use, 85 strandlines in, 115 uplift rate in, 10 Iwo Jima, volcanic uplift of, 104-105 Japan active folding in, 66-67 coseismic uplift in, 115-118 investigation of faulted terraces in, 145 strandlines, 97, 101, 108-110, 113, 115 stratigraphic record of, 10 vertical displacement rates in, 7 Lahars, 235 Land use planning, 137 Landforms as indicators of fault activity, 52 INDEX Magma associated with monogenetic volcanic centers, 249 feeder systems, 249 inflation, intraplate, 35-36 intrusion into lower crust, 40 movements, subsurface, 35 separation, 40 volume vs. time plots, 253, 255 Magnetic field, changes preceding volcanic eruption, 240-241 Magnetostratigraphy, 73, 75 Magnitude maximum moment, of subduction zone rupture, 58 moment, 54, 149 scales, 54 surface wave, 52 see also Earthquake magnitudes Mammoth Lakes, intracrustal magmatism in, 36 Mantle, densification, 40 Matuyama Reversed-Polarity Chron, 210 Mendocino triple junction deformations at, 21, 25, 26 plate activity at, 6, 20, 26 Michigan Basin, 31, 33, 40 Microearthquakes, 149 Microplates boundaries, 49 collision with major plates, 6 domains, fault characteristics of, 49 Microseismicity, determining distributions of, 11-12 Microtopography, 140 Middle America, population dwelling near volcanoes in, 237 Mississippi River effects of uplifts on, 91 history of, 87 longitudinal profiles of, 86 profile through Monroe Uplift, 88 Mississippi Valley earthquake potential, 14 impact of active tectonics on river use, 85-91 Modeling/Models characteristic earthquake, 222-224 crustal structure and behavior, 24 earthquake hazard, 226-228 earthquake recurrence, 56, 224-226 hillslope degradation, 185-193 of fault scarps, 181-193 of fault segments, 55 of fold-and-thrust belt mechanics, 64, 76-77 Poisson-Exponential, 227 process response, 141-146 renewal, 228 schematic, of fault structure, 57 seismic deformation cycle, 156 seismogenic, 47 snowplow, 64 time-predictable, 227 Mojave Desert nontectonic fault slip in, 169 pediment surface in, 133 Molasse sediments, 74 Monitoring crustal tilt, 171-173 deformation rates, 155-156 dry-tilt method, 172-173 faults, 25, 165 geodetic, 10, 17, 37, 164-177 Long Valley, 36 recurrence of slip-stick faulting, 76 San Andreas Fault system, 25 seismic, of volcanoes, 239 strain and stress, 18, 53 stratigraphic, 10-11 volcanoes, 238-241 see also Instruments Monroe Uplift active tectonics of, 87-90 uplift rates of, 7 Montague Island, vertical displacement of, 7, 48 Montalvo Mounds, 72 Morphology, stream-valley, 128-129 Mountain blocks, 127-128 Mountain fronts fault-generated, 127-129 hypothetical uplift history of, 126 tectonic geomorphology of, 125-135 Mountains, see specific mountains Murray River, 81 N Nankai Trough, seismic activity of, 161-162 Neotectonics, 9, 39

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From page 265...

... 265 p o INDEX Nevada Test Site radioactive waste disposal in, 248 volcanic geology of, 251-253 New Guinea coastline tilt of, 109 strandlines, 96, 99-100, 107-109 New Mexico, uplift in, 35 New York, seismicity in, 34-35, 39 New Zealand block diagram of Giles Creek faulting, 66 coseismic uplift in, 119-120 investigation of faulted terraces in, 145 strandlines, 97, 101, 111-113, 120 see also Grey-Inangahua Basin North America seismicity of eastern coast, 97 southeastern, character of coastline, 97, 101 western, historical earthquake records of, 10 see also United States Nuclear fuel, spent, disposal of, 248 Nuclear reactors Bodega Bay, 12-13 GE Vallecitos test, 210 seismic hazards to, 215 siting, 51, 215 Oakwood Salt Dome, 92 Obduction, description, 6 Oil exploration, in active fold-and-thrust belts, 76 Oklahoma, fault displacements in, 15 Oregon active-tectonic realms of, 21, 22, 26 Coast Ranges, tectonic activity of, 26 coastline displacement, 107 plate activity beneath, 6 Orogeny Reformational processes of, 5-6 examples, 6 Pakistan active foreland thrust belt of, 73 Salt Range, 64, 73 Paleomagnetism, 200, 210 Paleoseismicity Holocene, 144 Paleoseismology Central Nevada Seismic Belt, 57 earthquake magnitude approximation in, 55 earthquake risk assessment through, 125 of San Andreas Fault zone, 56 progress in, 149 recommended research priorities on, 17-18 research techniques in, 148-152 Palos Verdes Peninsula, marine strandlines of, 95 Pearl River, effect of Wiggins Uplift on, 91 Pediments, 131, 133 Peninsular Ranges, tectonic activity of, 23 Plate tectonics theory, 30, 49, 233 Plates activity along margins of, 5-6 Asiatic, 6 Australia-India, 119 boundaries, 57, 95, 233 boundary forces of, 39 collision of, 6, 39 convergence, 21, 57-58, 63, 73, 232-233 Eurasian, 73, 75, 115, 116 Indian, 6, 39, 73, 75 Juan de Fuca-Gorda, 5-6, 20, 21, 26, 57-58, 158 location of volcanoes relative to, 232-233 movement of, 6, 7, 10 21, 30 North American, 5-7, 20-21, 25, 26, 39, 50, 57, 75, 158, 211 Pacific, 5-7, 20, 21, 25, 26, 30-31, 75, 119, 211 Philippine Sea, 161 rotation, 23 sliding past each other, 30 see also Interplate and Intraplate listings; Microplates Pleistocene strandlines, 96, 98-102, 104, 106-109, 111, 113, 115 see also Chronology; Dating; Paleoseismology Porpoise structure, 23, 25 Postglacial rebound, 30, 32, 36-37, 39, 41, 105 Predictions implications of preseismic deformations for, 34 seismic event, 4, 7-8, 16-17, 34, 41, 49, 57, 118, 136, 142, 144, 169, 249-251 Probabilistic risk assessment, 253-256 Probability studies, recommended research priorities on, 18 Pyroclastic falls and flows, 234 Pyroclastic surge, 235 R Radar imagery, 50 Radioactive waste disposal, volcanic hazard assessment for, 247-259 Radioactive waste repository, effect of volcanic eruption on, 249-251 Range fronts, characterization, 8 Ranges, see specific ranges Reactivation concept, 39 Red Mountain, strandline across, 113 Research needs coastal tectonics, 120-121 in coastal tectonics, 120-121 in tectonic geomorphology, 135 morphologic dating of fault scarps, 193 on dating, 17 on probability studies, 18 seismological and paleoseismological, 17-18, 151-152 Ring of Fire, 30, 233 Rio Grande rift, 35, 36 Rivers major, in areas of structural instability, 80 see also Aluvial rivers; specific rivers Rockfalls, 48 S Salton Trough, 21-22, 166, 169 San Francisco Bay area, active faults of, 157 San Gabriel Mountains, application of stream-gradient index to, 137-138 Sand blows, liquefaction-related, 57, 150 Santa Clara syncline, diagrammatic cross-section, 66 Satellite, geodesy, 53 Scarps tectonic geomorphology of, 125-135 with simple initial morphology, profile of, 183 see also Escarpments; Fault scarps Sea level changes, 36-37, 95-121 history, 96, 99, 104 Sedimentary deposits, use to appraise earthquake hazards, 24 Seiches, 48-49 Seismic gaps, description, 57 Seismic moment, 54, 149 Seismic networks, 4, 54 Seismic reflection techniques, 51 Seismicity global map of, 31 of eastern United States, 50 of intraplate regions, 49-50 patterns of, 53-54 resulting from magma inflation, 35 see also Paleoseismicity Seismographs, 25, 239 Seismology improved techniques of, 149 research techniques in, 148-152 Seismometer networks, 53, 152 Shivwitz Plateau, 132 Sierra Nevada foothills, earthquake and fault displacement potential of, 13 Sinuosity mountain front, 8, 128, 137-139 river channel, 82-84, 87, 88-92 Slip aseismic, 165 coseismic, 114 dynamically triggered, 166-167, 169, 174, 176 preseismic, 174 rates, 51-52, 56, 146, 149, 158, 216, 225-226 Slopes characterization of, 126-127 elements of, 143

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From page 266...

... active tectonic realms of, 21, 22, 26 Coast Ranges, tectonic activity of, 26 coastline displacement, 107 plate activity beneath, 6 volcanic activity in, 8 Wiggins Uplift, active tectonics of, 90-91 Wrench faulting, 26 United States central and eastern, earthquake characteristics in, 46 eastern, seismicity in, 50 eastern, vertical motion of, 39 intraplate stress patterns for, 39 investigation of faulted terraces in, 145 northwestern, subduction character of, 57-58 western, active fault evaluation in, 46 western, vertical displacement rates in, 7 see also North America Zagros Mountains, 64 y Yellowstone National Park, intracrustal magmatism in, 36 z

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Index Pages 261-266

Index
Pages 261-266