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Reducing the Odds Preventing Perinatal Transmission of HIV in the United States (1999) / Chapter Skim
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3 Descriptive Epidemiology of the Perinatal Transmission of HIV
Pages 36-44

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From page 36...
... , and to identify additional approaches to preventing perinatal transmission, it is important to understand recent trends and current characteristics of women and children with HIV infection and AIDS. To that end, this chapter describes the advantages and difficulties in current surveillance data systems, and presents descriptive information on the epidemiology of perinatal transmission.
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From page 37...
... Each type of data has its strengths and weaknesses, but taken together it is possible to construct a relatively complete picture of the perinatal HIV epidemic in the United States. AIDS case reports, the source of the first two data series mentioned above, are gathered by state, territorial, and local health departments and reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
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From page 38...
... Because newborn blood carries maternal HIV antibodies, data from this survey reflect the prevalence of HIV in childbearing women. As described in Chapter 2, this survey was discontinued, but some states have continued to test newborn blood in the same way and report the results (see Appendix D)
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From page 39...
... PERINATALLY TRANSMITTED AIDS Taking into account changing prevalence and transmission rates, perinatal transmission of HIV accounted for a cumulative total of 7,335 AIDS cases and an unknown number of HIV-infected children in the United States as of December 1997 (CDC, 1997c)
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From page 40...
... 7,335 (91) HIV infection Injecting drug use Sex with injecting drug user Sex with bisexual male Sex with person with hemophilia Sex with transfusion recipient Sex with HIV-infected person, risk not specified Receipt of blood transfusion,7 blood components, or tissue 107 60 7 2 102 Has HIV infection, risk not147 specified Receipt of blood transfusion, blood2 components, or tissue Risk not reported or identified Total 38 473 2,936 1,340 159 28 24 1,033 154 1,661 (0)
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From page 41...
... Estimates are based on cases reported through September 1997, adjusted for reporting delay and unreported risk but not for incomplete reporting of diagnosed AIDS cases. Points represent estimated quarterly incidence, and the line represents "smoothed" incidence.
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From page 42...
... CDC surveillance findings show substantial declines not only in PCP, but also in other opportunistic infections for which specific prophylaxis was not available, indicating that the decline in pediatric AIDS cases is not being driven solely by changes in PCP, but appears to reflect true declining perinatal HIV transmission rates. Pediatric AIDS cases are concentrated in eastern states, and especially in the New York metropolitan area.
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From page 43...
... bNumbers for other racial/ethnic groups were too small for meaningful analysis. CNortheast = Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont; South = Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia; West = Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming; and Midwest = Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, and Wisconsin.
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From page 44...
... Data on the distribution of AIDS cases within New York City suggest that the concentration varies substantially by neighborhood (NRC, 1993) , and this patchwork pattern is likely to be found for perinatal AIDS cases as well.
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Key Terms

  • pediatric aids
  • childbearing women
  • hiv infections
  • perinatally acquired
  • perinatal transmission

  • incidence rates
  • acquired aids
  • injection drug
  • hiv infection
  • perinatally transmitted

  • drug user
  • transmitted aids
  • children born
  • aids incidence
  • unreported risk

  • perinatal hiv
  • reported hiv
  • york metropolitan
  • diagnosed aids
  • african americans

  • cumulative total
  • transmission rates
  • hiv epidemic
  • states reported
  • national rate

  • declines occurred
  • current surveillance
  • varies substantially
  • descriptive information
  • hiv vary


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