Sharing the Fish Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas (1999) / Chapter Skim
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4 Alternative Conservation and Management Measures
4 Alternative Conservation and Management Measures
Pages 112-138
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From page 112... ...
Systems to address these goals will fail unless they are administratively feasible and politically acceptable. A number of biological characteristics of fish stocks impact the effectiveness of management measures: the stock's geographic range, the migration patterns of its members, the usual life span of individuals, the fecundity and spawning potential of the population, the annual variability in recruitment and population size, interactions with other species, and the species' role in the ecosystem.
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From page 113... ...
Most fish stocks in temperate seas breed seasonally and exhibit high variability in their annual production of offspring. In some stocks, the largest year classes are as much as several hundred times larger than the smallest year classes (Myers et al., 1995~.
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From page 114... ...
In part, this occurs because fishery scientists and fishermen pay attention to and experience different types of information. Fishery scientists base their models on large-scale characteristics of entire fish stocks, such as fish population recruitment, mortality, and population size over the species' entire range.
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From page 115... ...
For purposes of discussion, fishery management measures are divided into four general types: input controls, output controls, fees and taxes, and technical measures. This discussion follows the general structure of a recent report of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 1997)
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From page 116... ...
Typical restrictions include limits on vessel design, length, or engine horsepower. Vessel restrictions are frequently used in conjunction with licensing requirements, gear restrictions, and other management measures that attempt to control the amount of fishing.
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From page 117... ...
Both outcomes hindered the goal of limiting the growth of fishing powers In combination with gear regulations, however, vessel restrictions can be somewhat effective in impeding capital stuffings when there is limited ability to substitute unconstrained inputs for constrained inputs (ICES, 1996, 1997; OECD, 1997~. Licenses Licenses and license endorsements may be used to certify fishermen or vessels, without limitation on the numbers issued, or they may be used as a management measure to limit the number and types of vessels or fishermen that can participate in the fishery.
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From page 118... ...
Effort control measures are frequently combined with gear restrictions, license limitations, and vessel configuration limits. The conservation effects of individual effort quotas require limits on entry and are strengthened when combined with a TAC (OECD, 1997~.
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From page 119... ...
They can also be used to set catch limits for specific vessels (trip limits, individual vessel quotas) , owners, or operators (individual fishing quotas)
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From page 120... ...
Trip limits are applied in commercial fisheries when there is interest in spacing out the landings over time or a desire to specify maximum landings sizes, and they are usually accompanied by a limit on the frequency of landings. For example, many Pacific groundfish species are restricted in terms of pounds landed per week or month (PFMC, 1993~.
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From page 121... ...
As trip limits get more restrictive, the percentage of catch that is discarded increases (Alverson et al., 1994~. If trip limits are uniform across the fishery, they may have negative distributional consequences for large vessels, similar to the effect of pot limits on the distribution of benefits described for Alaskan king and Tanner crab fisheries (Greenberg and Hermann, 1994~.
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From page 123... ...
It may be prohibited to the gear that caught it (e.g., halibut caught by trawl gear) ; · It may be too small to sell or undesirable to the market; · It may be smaller than the legal minimum size; · It may be a target species for which the quota has already been achieved; or · It may be an intentional or unintentional component of directed harvest effort with significant market value.
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From page 124... ...
The 1992 Bering Sea CDQ program allocated 7.5% of the walleye pollock quota to Bering Sea communities, requiring that the profits from the allocation of quota be used to improve and advance commercial fishing and related industries (Ginter, 1995; NPFMC, 1998~. It is noteworthy that vessels operating in the CDQ pollock fishery achieve higher product recovery rates and lower bycatch rates than they
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From page 125... ...
The CDQ program requirements stipulate that the proceeds of CDQ fishing be used to enhance fishery-based economic activities. Profits have been used to invest in factory trawlers, port facilities, marine services and cargo handling facilities, and small multipurpose fishing vessels (for crab, salmon, halibut, and cod fishing)
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From page 128... ...
"Community" can be defined at different scales, leading to community fishing quotas specified at a community, regional, or state level (Chapter 1~. CFQs may have a variety of objectives and a range of designs beyond the development of fishery infrastructure.
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From page 129... ...
At present, this is not possible in the North Pacific region because of a strong distinction between IFQs and CDQs. This distinction is maintained in many rules, including a rule of the North Pacific Fishery Management Council requiring that the holders of IFQs be on board the vessels, and a congressional restriction of CDQs to the Bering Sea.
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From page 130... ...
Fees are commonly used in fishery management in conjunction with fishing licenses. Fees are generally used in support of the management infrastructure, not as a means of controlling exploitation or increasing efficiency.
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From page 131... ...
Fluctuations of fish stocks, fish prices, and TACs are major obstacles to relying solely on taxes and fees as direct management measures because of uncertain short-term reactions of fishermen to changes in taxes. Taxes and fees do, however, offer potential for capturing some fishery rents.
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From page 132... ...
Sex and size restrictions are used extensively in crustacean fisheries, such as the West Coast Dungeness and Alaskan snow, Tanner, and king crab fisheries, in which only males with a minimum carapace length can be retained, or the New England lobster fishery, in which only males and non-egg-bearing females above a minimum carapace length may be retained. Minimum fish sizes are frequently used in conjunction with gear restrictions, for example, the minimum size of sablefish combined with a minimum trawl mesh size in the Pacific groundfish trawl fishery.
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From page 133... ...
Without other restrictions on effort, if marine reserves displace 4 The NRC has another study underway to assess our scientific knowledge of marine protected areas as tools for fisheries management and protecting marine biological diversity.
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From page 134... ...
Because participants in Bering Sea king and Tanner crab superexclusive5 area registration fisheries are precluded from participating in other (more lucrative) crab fisheries, few large vessel operators choose to participate, effectively reserving the superexclusive registration fisheries for local, small vessel fleets.
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From page 135... ...
Also, like other management processes, it is vulnerable to sabotage by special interests (Hanna,1994~. Co-management processes have potential for administration of an IFQ program after it is in place (Box 4.6~.
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From page 138... ...
Alternatively, it may be designed to keep fishing quotas in the ownership of groups rather than individuals.
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