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From page 409... ... see also Area restrictions; Effort quotas; Entry limits, general; Gear and gear restrictions; Input controls; Output controls; Size and size limits, fish; Trip limits American Fisheries Promotion Act, 7, 15 Area restrictions, 88, 94, 132- 134 harvest privilege and, 8 superexclusive area registration, 134, 277 territorial use rights, 134- 135 Arizona Groundwater Management Act, 53 Read the entire page →
From page 410... ... , 298, 302 IFQs/ITQs, 2, 31, 32, 35, 99, 106, 107, 129, 136-137, 146, 172, 174, 191, 302, 313 individual vessel quotas, 122-123 lottery allocation of quotas, 146 rent recovery, 163, 164 see also Nova Scotia Capelin, Iceland, 77, 82, 325-326 Capital gains taxes, 161, 165, 213, 214, 244, 368-378, 380, 387, 388, 408 Capital stuffing, 117, 118, 120, 199, 270, 276 defined, 268 Case studies, 59-111, 280-365 see also "case studies" under other entries; � ret specific Jlsner~es Catcher-processor vessels, 125, 128, 129 case studies, 70, 74, 301, 310, 312 defined, 268 Catch per unit effort, 14 case studies, 65, 75, 110, 284, 292, 301, 306, 313, 357 defined, 268 Central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250-251, 297, 387 Charterboats, 133, 141, 244, 268 Cheating, see Illegal activities Clean Air Act, 145, 162-163 Coastal communities, see Fishing communities Coast Guard, see U.S. Coast Guard Cod, 24, 77, 81-87 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 411... ... Department of Commerce Derby fisheries, 2-3, 67, 107, 270, 306, 307 Discard fish, 122, 124, 175, 177, 391 case studies, 65, 71, 74-75, 83, 91, 108, 304, 312, 329, 351 defined, 270 see also Highgrading; Bycatch Dockside monitoring, 120, 123, 137, 163, 223, 385 E Ecological factors, see Biologic and ecologic conservation factors Read the entire page →
From page 412... ... , 119, 122, 141, 170, 173 174, 186, 192, 193, 205, 381 case studies, 68, 82, 88, 93, 94, 95, 287, 288, 294, 324-325, 326, 343, 344, 361 regional councils view of, 9 research and monitoring of, 7, 8, 69, 218 219 transfer of quota shares, 168-169, 173-174 vertical integration, 153, 154, 172, 205, 210 case studies, 60, 61, 87, 285, 289, 294 295, 296, 331, 336, 337, 341 see also Catcher-processor vessels windfall profit, 6, 10, 14, 142, 144, 155, 161, 169, 202, 203, 213-214, 222, 321 see also Cost and cost-benefit factors; Concentration of quota shares; Employment issues; Fees and taxes; Funding; Price factors Economic rents, 6, 21-25, 31, 48, 161-167, 210, 211, 214-217, 277 defined, 270 case studies, 64, 79, 85 price factors, 21, 24, 25, 162, 165, 167 Effort quotas, 78, 115, 118-119 case studies, 60, 95, 326-327 seasonal fishing limits, 2, 70, 78, 94, 118119, 286, 301 INDEX E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation, 51, 270 Employment issues, 217, 367, 391-392, 405 case studies, 61-62, 64, 65, 76, 84, 86, 101102, 285-286, 295, 336-337, 339 community development quotas, 124, 125126 crew- and skipper-based quota allocations, 151-152, 203, 204-205, 219, 244, 317, 337, 341, 398-403, 405, 407 crew size factors, 76, 115, 116, 122, 316 negative impacts of IFQs, 3, 4, 14, 34, 105, 167, 174, 181, 285-286, 295, 336337, 339 see also Safety Enforcement issues, 17-18, 35, 36, 142, 175 176, 179-180, 216-217, 244, 261, 262 case studies, 66, 68, 74, 76, 83, 91, 95, 98, 107, 290, 296-297, 316, 319, 320, 349 Coast Guard, 179-180, 249, 381, 382-386 co-management, 135, 191 computer applications, 381 costs of, 175-176, 193, 216-217, 286, 349, 366, 381-387, 388 fees and taxes to cover, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 316, 366-367 individual fishery case studies, 69, 76, 83, 92, 95, 98-99, 107, 316 NMFS, 68, 74, 76, 180, 296-297 see also Fines and penalties; Illegal activities; Reporting requirements Enterprise schemes, 88, 90-91 Entry limits, general, 8, 29-32, 176, 195, 197, 210-211, 213, 244, 249 case studies, 96, 105, 282-283, 308, 325 central registry, 250-251 control dates, 10, 199, 223, 269 fishing communities, 9 see also Alternative management approaches Equipment, see Gear and gear restrictions; Vessels Evaluation, see Research, monitoring and evaluation Exclusive economic zones, 15, 29, 31, 32, 44, 136, 140, 261, 262 case studies, 77, 86, 282, 298, 324, 325, 332, 341, 343 defined, 270 Read the entire page →
From page 413... ... Coast Guard Federal Land Policy Management Act, 58 Fees and taxes, 5-6, 10, 18, 40, 54, 129-131, 161, 165-167, 207, 208, 213-214, 247-248, 249-250, 366-380, 387 388 capital gains taxes, 161, 165, 213, 214, 244, 368-378, 380, 387, 388, 408 case studies, 57-58, 76, 79, 86, 97-98, 291, 337, 341 common-pool resource issues, 57-58, 129, 162 enforcement, financing of, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 316, 366-367 IFQs, financing of, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214-216, 249 250, 291, 311, 316, 320-321, 366 380, 407-408 413 Magnuson-Stevens Act, 6, 162, 176, 213, 214, 215, 246, 249-250, 367-368, 377, 387 open access fisheries, 367 price factors, 131, 341, 367, 369, 374-378, 379, 380 research, financing of, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 9798, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 215-216 transfer of quota shares, 368, 370-376, 379380, 387, 390, 407-408 Fines and penalties, 18, 35, 36, 128, 136, 180, 217, 261, 262, 263, 264 case studies, 76, 83, 91, 329-330, 351 Fisheries Acts (New Zealand) , 87-88, 90, 93, 342-344, 346, 363-365 Fishery Conservation and Management Act, see also Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act Fishery management plans, general, 5, 197 case studies, 59-111, 280-365 defined, 271 evaluation provisions, 9, 64, 68 Magnuson-Stevens Act, 6, 16, 194, 247, 248-249, 258-259, 261, 263, 264 see also Alternative management approaches; Individual fishing quotas Fishing communities, 10-11, 34, 181-187, 196, 215, 217, 243-244, 392-407 case studies, 65, 69, 76, 86, 87, 285-286, 295-296, 304, 306, 316, 322-323, 339, 363 common-pool resources, 183, 186 community development quotas, 124-128, 172, 206, 250, 269 community fishing quotas, 9, 10-11, 128129, 206-207 defined, 19-20, 181 entry limits, 9 Magnuson-Stevens Act, 9, 19, 125, 196 transfer of quotas allocations, 11, 158- 159, 170-171 see also Aboriginal fishing rights; Employment issues Fishing effort, 35, 95, 105, 293, 350 defined, 271 see also Catch per unit effort; Effort quotas Fishing power, 18, 72, 87, 117, 119, 136, 317, 343 defined, 271 Florida, 118, 215, 317-322 Read the entire page →
From page 414... ... safety standards applied to, 262 vessel ownership and registration, 7, 14, 15, 31, 91, 257 see also International perspectives; specific countries Forests, see Timber resources Funding enforcement, 180 fees and taxes to cover IFQs, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214216, 249-250, 291, 311, 316, 320321, 366-380, 407-408 research and monitoring, 7, 8, 176, 198, 218 small fishermen, 4, 18, 210-211, 248, 387 G Gas, see Oil and gas Gear and gear restrictions, 28, 33, 34, 115-116, 244, 389-390 case studies, 70, 73, 88, 301, 306, 307, 317 322 defined, 271 Florida lobster fishery, tradable permits, 317-322 net mesh size, 115, 116, 132 quota allocation criteria, 70, 136, 147, 149, 150 recreational fishing, 116, 160 technological innovations, 21, 25, 28, 31, 46, 58, 114, 117-118, 170, 182, 324 territorial use rights and, 134, 135 see also Ghost fishing; Vessels Gender, see Sex of fish Ghost fishing, 2-3, 71, 108, 304, 312, 389 defined, 272 Gifting of quota shares, 4, 10, 207, 378 Gordon-Schaefer model, 22-23 Government role, see Federal government role; Enforcement issues; Fees and taxes; Legislation; Licensing; Litigation; Reporting requirements; Research, monitoring and evaluation; State government role INDEX Grazing lands, 57-58 Gross domestic product, 81, 322, 324 Groundfish fisheries, general, 32, 119, 120-121, 122, 187, 191 case studies, 82, 83, 326-327 defined, 272 see specific species Groundwater, 51-55 Gulf of Alaska, 17, 77, 272, 300, 301, 306, 310, 312, 317 Gulf of Maine, 60 Gulf of Mexico, 33, 35, 194, 221, 252-253 Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, 190,221,245,252-253,272,318,319 H Haddock, 77, 87, 136, 330, 336, 341 Halibut, see Alaska halibut and sablefish fisheries Halibut Treaty of 1923, 70 Hawaii, 245 Herring, 30, 31, 32, 77, 81-85 (passim) , 109, 119, 172, 269, 324, 325-330 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 415... ... , 82-84 (passim) , 86, 88, 89, 90-91, 94, 102, 104, 289-290, 294, 308-310, 317, 320, 327, 341, 347-349 central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250 251, 297, 387 co-management practices, 138, 215 community development quotas, 124-128, 172, 206, 250, 269 community fishing quotas, 9, 10-11, 128 129, 147, 206-207 conservation criteria, 144, 148-149, 150, 203, 204, 224 control dates and, 10, 199, 223 cooperatives, 129, 130 crew- and skipper-based, 151-152, 203, 204-205, 219, 244, 317, 337, 341, 398-403, 405, 407 enterprise schemes, 88, 90-91 fairness, general, 4, 18, 244, 258 foreign interests, 15, 91 gear-based, 70, 136, 147, 149, 150 gifting, 4, 10, 207, 378 historical participation in fishery, 4, 10, 118, 143, 145, 148, 149, 150, 199, 203-204, 206-207, 223, 224, 378 case studies, 90, 94, 96, 289-290, 308 309, 317, 325, 339, 341, 346-347 lotteries, 143, 145-146, 148, 149, 158, 161, 207 price factors, auctions, 47, 57, 144, 145, 164, 165, 279 other, 158, 166, 168, 169, 174, 177, 211,218,221-222,295,327,330, 336-337, 341, 348, 367, 368, 369, 374-378, 380, 390, 405, 408 procedural/priority ranking, 146, 148 processor awards, 152-155, 203, 205, 243, 244, 317 Read the entire page →
From page 416... ... 3-4, 118 see also Area restrictions; Effort quotas; Gear and gear restrictions; Vessels International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, 273 International Pacific Halibut Commission, 29, 70, 73, 74, 75, 109, 298, 301, 306, 310, 311, 312, 370-371, 373-376, 382 International perspectives air pollution regulation, 46-47 IFQs, 2, 139-140 see also Exclusive economic zones; Foreign countries; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; United Nations; specific countries J Japan, 27, 57, 71, 76, 130, 196, 302, 315, 343, 361, 377 Jones Act, 157 Jurisdictional issues, 16, 26, 219, 262 community-based governance, 183- 185 multiple jurisdictions, 39, 43, 44, 112, 195 public trust doctrine, 39, 43, 44, 51, 194196 state-regional cooperation, 195 UN Convention, 15 see also Exclusive economic zones INDEX L Leasing, nonfishery resources, 41, 55, 57-58 Leasing of quota shares, 3, 4, 10, 28, 30, 171173, 201, 208, 210, 218 case studies, 65, 73, 74, 79, 85-86, 96, 295, 309, 327-328, 330, 336, 352 Legislation, national American Fisheries promotion Act, 7, 15 antitrust, 97-98, 174, 209, 290, 297 Clean Air Act, 145, 162-163 Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Anti Reflagging Act, 157 community fishing quotas, 128-129 Iceland, 77, 326, 337-339 Federal Land Policy Management Act, 58 Fisheries Acts (New Zealand) , 87-88, 90, 93, 342-344, 346, 363-365 Marine Mammal Protection Act, 16 Marine Reserves Act (New Zealand) Read the entire page →
From page 417... ... , 124, 125, 126, 127, 269, 303 Natural gas, see Oil and gas Netherlands, The, 101, 137, 167, 173, 191, 196 Net mesh size, 115, 116, 132 New England Fishery Management Council, 32,264,274 New Jersey, 32(n.10) , 40, 60, 61, 65, 282-287 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 418... ... , 205, 280, 342, 390 underharvest, 69 see also Highgrading Processor Preference Act, 15, 61 Processors and processing quotas, 4, 57, 77, 91, 188, 203, 243 case studies, 70, 74, 77, 91, 284-285, 290, 314 community dependence on, 186, 205 cooperatives, 129, 130 excess capacity, 33, 34 initial quota allocations, 152-155, 203, 205, 243, 244, 317 price factors, 34, 152-155 (passim) , 205, 280, 342, 390 substitutability of species, 24, 67, 285 vertical integration, 153, 154, 172, 205, 210 case studies, 60, 61, 87, 285, 289, 294 295, 296, 331, 336, 337, 341 see also Catcher-processor vessels Read the entire page →
From page 419... ... INDEX Public trust doctrine, 12, 27, 39-45, 49-51, 86, 140-141, 162, 186 defined, 40-41 gifting, 4 initial quota allocations, 12, 27, 38, 45, 47, 50, 51, 52, 54 litigation, 40-44, 49 Magnuson-Stevens Act, 40, 44, 57 Purse seine fishing, 101, 102, 121, 122, 324 defined, 276 Q Quahog fishery, see Surf clam/ocean quahog fisheries Quota allocation, see Initial allocation of quota shares; Concentration of quota shares; Transfer of quota shares Quota busting, 36, 122, 137, 175, 177, 193, 195, 216, 269 case studies, 91, 107, 110, 312, 351, 381 defined, 276 see also Discard fish; Highgrading R Rangelands, see Grazing lands Recreational fishing, 11, 19, 27, 33, 119, 141, 159-161, 212, 261 bag limits, 119, 120-121 case studies, 71, 77, 89, 303, 317, 344, 345, 346 charterboats, 133, 141, 244, 268 defined, 276 year restrictions, 116, 160 TAC allotments, 159, 212 Recruitment annual variation in, 54, 60, 112, 113, 120, 283 case studies, 60, 92, 106, 282, 283, 284, 292, 302 defined, 276-277 TACs and, 113, 120, 141, 282 Refuges and reserves, 133- 134, 303 Regional factors IFQs, case studies, 76, 346, 347 IFQs, discretion on, 5, 6, 9-11, 185-186, 193, 194-195, 206, 210 national regulation and, 2, 4, 5, 8, 15, 193, 194-195, 209 419 sociocultural, 182 subregional cooperation, 8, 11, 196 territorial use rights and, 134- 135 see also Cultural factors; Fishing communities; Social factors Regional fishery management councils, 9-11, 193, 194-195 defined, 277 enforcement issues, 216-217 history of, 15-16, 32 Magnuson-Stevens Act and, 1, 5, 6, 7, 1516, 96-97, 193, 194-195 procedural allocation mechanisms, 146-147 quota allocation mechanisms, types of, 142 155, 203-208 (passing, 210 research and monitoring, 7, 9, 198, 218, 220, 221 stakeholder representation, 9, 10, 12, 93-94, 97, 135-138, 203, 220 state cooperation with, 195-196 sunset provisions, 8, 201-202 see also Fishery management plans; specific regional councils Rent and rent extraction, see Economic rents Reporting requirements case studies, 66, 75, 90, 91, 93, 107, 282, 290, 296, 301, 347, 349, 350, 363, 347, 349-350, 357-358, 363 computerized, 90, 347 costs, 381 data fouling, 106, 107, 175, 216, 217, 269, 293 price information, 308 see also Quota busting Research, monitoring and evaluation, 13, 35, 36, 175, 177-179, 263, 264 air pollution control, 47 biologic and ecologic, 24-25, 217, 218, 388 stock size, 20, 110, 114, 120, 214, 218, 297, 344, 357, 360 case studies, 64, 68, 69, 70, 74, 76, 79, 83, 90, 91, 92-93, 97-99, 107, 286, 290, 291, 296, 311-312, 320, 321, 349351, 354, 363, 365 central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250251, 297, 387 Coast Guard, 179-180, 249, 381, 382-386 co-management, 135, 215 computer applications, 178- 179, 388-389 confidentiality of information, 219, 251252, 263 Read the entire page →
From page 420... ... Snapper fisheries, 33, 121, 152, 190, 194, 221, 252-253, 351, 356, 359, 361 case studies, 67, 68, 69, 91 Social factors, 2, 6-7, 9, 31, 33, 140, 197-212, 243-244 case studies, 61-62, 65, 69, 75-76, 81, 85, 86, 88, 95, 105, 292-296, 316 political factors, 9, 12, 26, 28, 39, 81, 82, 142, 143, 147, 215, 325, 326 public trust doctrine, 27 research and monitoring of, 7, 8, 218-219 transfer of quota shares, 169-171 see also Cultural factors; Employment issues; Fishing communities; Safety issues South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, 66, 67, 69, 277, 317, 319 South Atlantic wreckfish fishery, IFQs, 2, 32, 37, 209, 408 case studies, 66-70, 78-80, 110 Soviet Union, 264 Sport fishing, see Recreational fishing Stakeholder participation, general, 143, 188, 193, 197, 200, 202-203, 219, 221, 224, 249, 364 regional councils, 9, 10, 12, 93-94, 97, 135138, 203, 220 Standards, 113-138 air quality, 46, 145, 162-163 National Standards for Fishery Conservation and Management, 114115, 196, 248, 258-259, 262 net mesh size, 115, 116, 132 Read the entire page →
From page 421... ... , 195-196, 215, 245, 261 Arizona Groundwater Management Act, 53 community development quotas, 126 data collection, 70 enforcement, 66, 179-180 public trust doctrine, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49-54 regional councils, cooperation with, 195196 see also specific states Stewardship issues, 25, 36, 41, 127, 135 case studies, 97, 105, 106, 329 licensing, 224 national policy, 12, 168, 224, 199-200, 201, 203, 204 quota allocation criterion, 148-149, 150, 203, 204, 224 Stock assessments bioeconomics, Gordon-Schaefer model, 22 23 data fouling, 106, 107, 175, 216, 217, 269 fish stock measurement, 114, 120 Stock use rights, 134- 135 harvest privilege, 7-8, 9, 14, 84, 97, 337338, 339 Subsistence fishing, 19, 27, 74, 77, 125, 182, 218, 269, 306, 308, 310 see also Aboriginal fishing rights Sunset provisions, 8, 97, 180- 181, 200-202, 297 Superexclusive area registration, 134, 277 Supreme Court, see u.s. Supreme Court Surf clam/ocean quahog fisheries, 2, 3, 32-33, 37, 194, 209, 210, 221, 247, 368, 408 case study, 60-66, 78-80, 119, 281-297 defined, 277 Sustainable Fisheries Act, 2, 16, 139, 158, 248, 366 central registry system, 8, 202, 250-251 duration of IFQs, 180 moratorium on IFQs, 2, 5, 14, 18, 61, 62, 140, 191, 194, 196, 200 Sustainable yield, 1, 13, 140 maximum sustainable yield, 28-29, 31, 93, 274 421 T Taylor Grazing Act, 58 Taxes, see Fees and taxes Technical measures, 115, 131-135 Technological innovations, 21, 25, 28, 31, 46, 58, 114, 117-118, 170, 182, 324 Territorial use rights, 134- 135 Timber resources, 56-57, 144 Time factors, see Control dates; Derby fisheries; Effort quotas; Fishing effort; Seasonal fishing limits; Sunset provisions Total allowable catch, 1, 32, 120, 379 area restrictions and, 133 case studies, 57, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 137, 282, 284, 290, 291, 301, 310311,313,318,325,328,329,335, 336, 339, 344, 345, 346, 348, 352, 353, 355-360, 362, 403 defined, 3, 120, 277-278 derby fisheries, 2-3, 67, 107, 270, 306, 307 harvest privilege and, 8 IFQs/ITQs and, 20, 32-36 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 422... ... Supreme Court, 40, 41(n.7) , 42, 43, 48, 50-51 V Vertical market integration, 153, 154, 205, 210 case studies, 60, 61, 87, 285, 289, 294-295, 296, 331, 336, 337, 341 defined, 172 Vessels bioeconomic models, 23, 34 INDEX case studies, individual fisheries, 62-63, 64, 67,73,77,81,82-83,96,99, 101, 102, 282, 283, 284, 288-289, 294, 309, 310, 325, 327, 330, 331-332 crew- and skipper-based share allocation, 151-152, 203, 204-205, 219, 244, 317, 337, 341, 398-403, 405, 407 crew size factors, 76, 115, 116, 122, 316 excessive IFQ shares and classes of, 6 fleet size factors, 68, 77, 85, 117, 136, 197, 244, 327, 330, 331-332 foreign ownership, 7, 14, 15, 31, 91, 257 quota allocations to, 10, 21, 118, 119, 121123, 130, 136, 147, 148, 149, 151, 157, 203, 205, 209, 212, 222, 244, 247, 403 case studies, 62-63, 73, 82-83, 86, 96, 99, 102, 104, 288-290, 309, 310, 313, 317, 325, 341 quota share transfers across classes of, 10 restrictions on, types of, 116-117, 209 vessel size factors, 34, 82, 99, 102, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 136, 169, 173, 203, 309, 310, 327, 329, 350, 351, 369 see also Charter boats; Catcher-processor vessels; Gear and gear restrictions; Individual bycatch quotas; Individual vessel quotas; Licensing; Trip limits Voluntary cooperatives, 129, 130 W Washington State, 70 Water resources and pollution, 48-54, 147 Weather conditions, 2, 36, 62, 95, 99, 170-171, 262, 286, 296, 307, 385, 389 Western Pacific Fishery Management Council, 127, 206, 278 Windfall profit, 6, 10, 14, 142, 144, 155, 161, 169,202,203,213-214,222,321 see also Capital gains taxes Wisconsin, 109 Wreckfish, see South Atlantic wreckfish fishery X Y Z Zero-revenue auctions, 6, 47, 145, 211 Read the entire page →

From page 409...

... see also Area restrictions; Effort quotas; Entry limits, general; Gear and gear restrictions; Input controls; Output controls; Size and size limits, fish; Trip limits American Fisheries Promotion Act, 7, 15 Area restrictions, 88, 94, 132- 134 harvest privilege and, 8 superexclusive area registration, 134, 277 territorial use rights, 134- 135 Arizona Groundwater Management Act, 53

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From page 410...

... , 298, 302 IFQs/ITQs, 2, 31, 32, 35, 99, 106, 107, 129, 136-137, 146, 172, 174, 191, 302, 313 individual vessel quotas, 122-123 lottery allocation of quotas, 146 rent recovery, 163, 164 see also Nova Scotia Capelin, Iceland, 77, 82, 325-326 Capital gains taxes, 161, 165, 213, 214, 244, 368-378, 380, 387, 388, 408 Capital stuffing, 117, 118, 120, 199, 270, 276 defined, 268 Case studies, 59-111, 280-365 see also "case studies" under other entries; � ret specific Jlsner~es Catcher-processor vessels, 125, 128, 129 case studies, 70, 74, 301, 310, 312 defined, 268 Catch per unit effort, 14 case studies, 65, 75, 110, 284, 292, 301, 306, 313, 357 defined, 268 Central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250-251, 297, 387 Charterboats, 133, 141, 244, 268 Cheating, see Illegal activities Clean Air Act, 145, 162-163 Coastal communities, see Fishing communities Coast Guard, see U.S. Coast Guard Cod, 24, 77, 81-87 (passim)

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From page 411...

... Department of Commerce Derby fisheries, 2-3, 67, 107, 270, 306, 307 Discard fish, 122, 124, 175, 177, 391 case studies, 65, 71, 74-75, 83, 91, 108, 304, 312, 329, 351 defined, 270 see also Highgrading; Bycatch Dockside monitoring, 120, 123, 137, 163, 223, 385 E Ecological factors, see Biologic and ecologic conservation factors

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From page 412...

... , 119, 122, 141, 170, 173 174, 186, 192, 193, 205, 381 case studies, 68, 82, 88, 93, 94, 95, 287, 288, 294, 324-325, 326, 343, 344, 361 regional councils view of, 9 research and monitoring of, 7, 8, 69, 218 219 transfer of quota shares, 168-169, 173-174 vertical integration, 153, 154, 172, 205, 210 case studies, 60, 61, 87, 285, 289, 294 295, 296, 331, 336, 337, 341 see also Catcher-processor vessels windfall profit, 6, 10, 14, 142, 144, 155, 161, 169, 202, 203, 213-214, 222, 321 see also Cost and cost-benefit factors; Concentration of quota shares; Employment issues; Fees and taxes; Funding; Price factors Economic rents, 6, 21-25, 31, 48, 161-167, 210, 211, 214-217, 277 defined, 270 case studies, 64, 79, 85 price factors, 21, 24, 25, 162, 165, 167 Effort quotas, 78, 115, 118-119 case studies, 60, 95, 326-327 seasonal fishing limits, 2, 70, 78, 94, 118119, 286, 301 INDEX E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation, 51, 270 Employment issues, 217, 367, 391-392, 405 case studies, 61-62, 64, 65, 76, 84, 86, 101102, 285-286, 295, 336-337, 339 community development quotas, 124, 125126 crew- and skipper-based quota allocations, 151-152, 203, 204-205, 219, 244, 317, 337, 341, 398-403, 405, 407 crew size factors, 76, 115, 116, 122, 316 negative impacts of IFQs, 3, 4, 14, 34, 105, 167, 174, 181, 285-286, 295, 336337, 339 see also Safety Enforcement issues, 17-18, 35, 36, 142, 175 176, 179-180, 216-217, 244, 261, 262 case studies, 66, 68, 74, 76, 83, 91, 95, 98, 107, 290, 296-297, 316, 319, 320, 349 Coast Guard, 179-180, 249, 381, 382-386 co-management, 135, 191 computer applications, 381 costs of, 175-176, 193, 216-217, 286, 349, 366, 381-387, 388 fees and taxes to cover, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 316, 366-367 individual fishery case studies, 69, 76, 83, 92, 95, 98-99, 107, 316 NMFS, 68, 74, 76, 180, 296-297 see also Fines and penalties; Illegal activities; Reporting requirements Enterprise schemes, 88, 90-91 Entry limits, general, 8, 29-32, 176, 195, 197, 210-211, 213, 244, 249 case studies, 96, 105, 282-283, 308, 325 central registry, 250-251 control dates, 10, 199, 223, 269 fishing communities, 9 see also Alternative management approaches Equipment, see Gear and gear restrictions; Vessels Evaluation, see Research, monitoring and evaluation Exclusive economic zones, 15, 29, 31, 32, 44, 136, 140, 261, 262 case studies, 77, 86, 282, 298, 324, 325, 332, 341, 343 defined, 270

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From page 413...

... Coast Guard Federal Land Policy Management Act, 58 Fees and taxes, 5-6, 10, 18, 40, 54, 129-131, 161, 165-167, 207, 208, 213-214, 247-248, 249-250, 366-380, 387 388 capital gains taxes, 161, 165, 213, 214, 244, 368-378, 380, 387, 388, 408 case studies, 57-58, 76, 79, 86, 97-98, 291, 337, 341 common-pool resource issues, 57-58, 129, 162 enforcement, financing of, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 316, 366-367 IFQs, financing of, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214-216, 249 250, 291, 311, 316, 320-321, 366 380, 407-408 413 Magnuson-Stevens Act, 6, 162, 176, 213, 214, 215, 246, 249-250, 367-368, 377, 387 open access fisheries, 367 price factors, 131, 341, 367, 369, 374-378, 379, 380 research, financing of, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 9798, 130-131, 162-167, 214, 215-216 transfer of quota shares, 368, 370-376, 379380, 387, 390, 407-408 Fines and penalties, 18, 35, 36, 128, 136, 180, 217, 261, 262, 263, 264 case studies, 76, 83, 91, 329-330, 351 Fisheries Acts (New Zealand) , 87-88, 90, 93, 342-344, 346, 363-365 Fishery Conservation and Management Act, see also Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act Fishery management plans, general, 5, 197 case studies, 59-111, 280-365 defined, 271 evaluation provisions, 9, 64, 68 Magnuson-Stevens Act, 6, 16, 194, 247, 248-249, 258-259, 261, 263, 264 see also Alternative management approaches; Individual fishing quotas Fishing communities, 10-11, 34, 181-187, 196, 215, 217, 243-244, 392-407 case studies, 65, 69, 76, 86, 87, 285-286, 295-296, 304, 306, 316, 322-323, 339, 363 common-pool resources, 183, 186 community development quotas, 124-128, 172, 206, 250, 269 community fishing quotas, 9, 10-11, 128129, 206-207 defined, 19-20, 181 entry limits, 9 Magnuson-Stevens Act, 9, 19, 125, 196 transfer of quotas allocations, 11, 158- 159, 170-171 see also Aboriginal fishing rights; Employment issues Fishing effort, 35, 95, 105, 293, 350 defined, 271 see also Catch per unit effort; Effort quotas Fishing power, 18, 72, 87, 117, 119, 136, 317, 343 defined, 271 Florida, 118, 215, 317-322

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From page 414...

... safety standards applied to, 262 vessel ownership and registration, 7, 14, 15, 31, 91, 257 see also International perspectives; specific countries Forests, see Timber resources Funding enforcement, 180 fees and taxes to cover IFQs, 5-6, 18, 76, 79, 97-98, 130-131, 162-167, 214216, 249-250, 291, 311, 316, 320321, 366-380, 407-408 research and monitoring, 7, 8, 176, 198, 218 small fishermen, 4, 18, 210-211, 248, 387 G Gas, see Oil and gas Gear and gear restrictions, 28, 33, 34, 115-116, 244, 389-390 case studies, 70, 73, 88, 301, 306, 307, 317 322 defined, 271 Florida lobster fishery, tradable permits, 317-322 net mesh size, 115, 116, 132 quota allocation criteria, 70, 136, 147, 149, 150 recreational fishing, 116, 160 technological innovations, 21, 25, 28, 31, 46, 58, 114, 117-118, 170, 182, 324 territorial use rights and, 134, 135 see also Ghost fishing; Vessels Gender, see Sex of fish Ghost fishing, 2-3, 71, 108, 304, 312, 389 defined, 272 Gifting of quota shares, 4, 10, 207, 378 Gordon-Schaefer model, 22-23 Government role, see Federal government role; Enforcement issues; Fees and taxes; Legislation; Licensing; Litigation; Reporting requirements; Research, monitoring and evaluation; State government role INDEX Grazing lands, 57-58 Gross domestic product, 81, 322, 324 Groundfish fisheries, general, 32, 119, 120-121, 122, 187, 191 case studies, 82, 83, 326-327 defined, 272 see specific species Groundwater, 51-55 Gulf of Alaska, 17, 77, 272, 300, 301, 306, 310, 312, 317 Gulf of Maine, 60 Gulf of Mexico, 33, 35, 194, 221, 252-253 Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, 190,221,245,252-253,272,318,319 H Haddock, 77, 87, 136, 330, 336, 341 Halibut, see Alaska halibut and sablefish fisheries Halibut Treaty of 1923, 70 Hawaii, 245 Herring, 30, 31, 32, 77, 81-85 (passim) , 109, 119, 172, 269, 324, 325-330 (passim)

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From page 415...

... , 82-84 (passim) , 86, 88, 89, 90-91, 94, 102, 104, 289-290, 294, 308-310, 317, 320, 327, 341, 347-349 central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250 251, 297, 387 co-management practices, 138, 215 community development quotas, 124-128, 172, 206, 250, 269 community fishing quotas, 9, 10-11, 128 129, 147, 206-207 conservation criteria, 144, 148-149, 150, 203, 204, 224 control dates and, 10, 199, 223 cooperatives, 129, 130 crew- and skipper-based, 151-152, 203, 204-205, 219, 244, 317, 337, 341, 398-403, 405, 407 enterprise schemes, 88, 90-91 fairness, general, 4, 18, 244, 258 foreign interests, 15, 91 gear-based, 70, 136, 147, 149, 150 gifting, 4, 10, 207, 378 historical participation in fishery, 4, 10, 118, 143, 145, 148, 149, 150, 199, 203-204, 206-207, 223, 224, 378 case studies, 90, 94, 96, 289-290, 308 309, 317, 325, 339, 341, 346-347 lotteries, 143, 145-146, 148, 149, 158, 161, 207 price factors, auctions, 47, 57, 144, 145, 164, 165, 279 other, 158, 166, 168, 169, 174, 177, 211,218,221-222,295,327,330, 336-337, 341, 348, 367, 368, 369, 374-378, 380, 390, 405, 408 procedural/priority ranking, 146, 148 processor awards, 152-155, 203, 205, 243, 244, 317

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From page 416...

... 3-4, 118 see also Area restrictions; Effort quotas; Gear and gear restrictions; Vessels International Commission for Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, 273 International Pacific Halibut Commission, 29, 70, 73, 74, 75, 109, 298, 301, 306, 310, 311, 312, 370-371, 373-376, 382 International perspectives air pollution regulation, 46-47 IFQs, 2, 139-140 see also Exclusive economic zones; Foreign countries; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; United Nations; specific countries J Japan, 27, 57, 71, 76, 130, 196, 302, 315, 343, 361, 377 Jones Act, 157 Jurisdictional issues, 16, 26, 219, 262 community-based governance, 183- 185 multiple jurisdictions, 39, 43, 44, 112, 195 public trust doctrine, 39, 43, 44, 51, 194196 state-regional cooperation, 195 UN Convention, 15 see also Exclusive economic zones INDEX L Leasing, nonfishery resources, 41, 55, 57-58 Leasing of quota shares, 3, 4, 10, 28, 30, 171173, 201, 208, 210, 218 case studies, 65, 73, 74, 79, 85-86, 96, 295, 309, 327-328, 330, 336, 352 Legislation, national American Fisheries promotion Act, 7, 15 antitrust, 97-98, 174, 209, 290, 297 Clean Air Act, 145, 162-163 Commercial Fishing Industry Vessel Anti Reflagging Act, 157 community fishing quotas, 128-129 Iceland, 77, 326, 337-339 Federal Land Policy Management Act, 58 Fisheries Acts (New Zealand) , 87-88, 90, 93, 342-344, 346, 363-365 Marine Mammal Protection Act, 16 Marine Reserves Act (New Zealand)

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From page 417...

... , 124, 125, 126, 127, 269, 303 Natural gas, see Oil and gas Netherlands, The, 101, 137, 167, 173, 191, 196 Net mesh size, 115, 116, 132 New England Fishery Management Council, 32,264,274 New Jersey, 32(n.10) , 40, 60, 61, 65, 282-287 (passim)

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From page 418...

... , 205, 280, 342, 390 underharvest, 69 see also Highgrading Processor Preference Act, 15, 61 Processors and processing quotas, 4, 57, 77, 91, 188, 203, 243 case studies, 70, 74, 77, 91, 284-285, 290, 314 community dependence on, 186, 205 cooperatives, 129, 130 excess capacity, 33, 34 initial quota allocations, 152-155, 203, 205, 243, 244, 317 price factors, 34, 152-155 (passim) , 205, 280, 342, 390 substitutability of species, 24, 67, 285 vertical integration, 153, 154, 172, 205, 210 case studies, 60, 61, 87, 285, 289, 294 295, 296, 331, 336, 337, 341 see also Catcher-processor vessels

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From page 419...

... INDEX Public trust doctrine, 12, 27, 39-45, 49-51, 86, 140-141, 162, 186 defined, 40-41 gifting, 4 initial quota allocations, 12, 27, 38, 45, 47, 50, 51, 52, 54 litigation, 40-44, 49 Magnuson-Stevens Act, 40, 44, 57 Purse seine fishing, 101, 102, 121, 122, 324 defined, 276 Q Quahog fishery, see Surf clam/ocean quahog fisheries Quota allocation, see Initial allocation of quota shares; Concentration of quota shares; Transfer of quota shares Quota busting, 36, 122, 137, 175, 177, 193, 195, 216, 269 case studies, 91, 107, 110, 312, 351, 381 defined, 276 see also Discard fish; Highgrading R Rangelands, see Grazing lands Recreational fishing, 11, 19, 27, 33, 119, 141, 159-161, 212, 261 bag limits, 119, 120-121 case studies, 71, 77, 89, 303, 317, 344, 345, 346 charterboats, 133, 141, 244, 268 defined, 276 year restrictions, 116, 160 TAC allotments, 159, 212 Recruitment annual variation in, 54, 60, 112, 113, 120, 283 case studies, 60, 92, 106, 282, 283, 284, 292, 302 defined, 276-277 TACs and, 113, 120, 141, 282 Refuges and reserves, 133- 134, 303 Regional factors IFQs, case studies, 76, 346, 347 IFQs, discretion on, 5, 6, 9-11, 185-186, 193, 194-195, 206, 210 national regulation and, 2, 4, 5, 8, 15, 193, 194-195, 209 419 sociocultural, 182 subregional cooperation, 8, 11, 196 territorial use rights and, 134- 135 see also Cultural factors; Fishing communities; Social factors Regional fishery management councils, 9-11, 193, 194-195 defined, 277 enforcement issues, 216-217 history of, 15-16, 32 Magnuson-Stevens Act and, 1, 5, 6, 7, 1516, 96-97, 193, 194-195 procedural allocation mechanisms, 146-147 quota allocation mechanisms, types of, 142 155, 203-208 (passing, 210 research and monitoring, 7, 9, 198, 218, 220, 221 stakeholder representation, 9, 10, 12, 93-94, 97, 135-138, 203, 220 state cooperation with, 195-196 sunset provisions, 8, 201-202 see also Fishery management plans; specific regional councils Rent and rent extraction, see Economic rents Reporting requirements case studies, 66, 75, 90, 91, 93, 107, 282, 290, 296, 301, 347, 349, 350, 363, 347, 349-350, 357-358, 363 computerized, 90, 347 costs, 381 data fouling, 106, 107, 175, 216, 217, 269, 293 price information, 308 see also Quota busting Research, monitoring and evaluation, 13, 35, 36, 175, 177-179, 263, 264 air pollution control, 47 biologic and ecologic, 24-25, 217, 218, 388 stock size, 20, 110, 114, 120, 214, 218, 297, 344, 357, 360 case studies, 64, 68, 69, 70, 74, 76, 79, 83, 90, 91, 92-93, 97-99, 107, 286, 290, 291, 296, 311-312, 320, 321, 349351, 354, 363, 365 central registry system, 8, 202, 218, 250251, 297, 387 Coast Guard, 179-180, 249, 381, 382-386 co-management, 135, 215 computer applications, 178- 179, 388-389 confidentiality of information, 219, 251252, 263

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From page 420...

... Snapper fisheries, 33, 121, 152, 190, 194, 221, 252-253, 351, 356, 359, 361 case studies, 67, 68, 69, 91 Social factors, 2, 6-7, 9, 31, 33, 140, 197-212, 243-244 case studies, 61-62, 65, 69, 75-76, 81, 85, 86, 88, 95, 105, 292-296, 316 political factors, 9, 12, 26, 28, 39, 81, 82, 142, 143, 147, 215, 325, 326 public trust doctrine, 27 research and monitoring of, 7, 8, 218-219 transfer of quota shares, 169-171 see also Cultural factors; Employment issues; Fishing communities; Safety issues South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, 66, 67, 69, 277, 317, 319 South Atlantic wreckfish fishery, IFQs, 2, 32, 37, 209, 408 case studies, 66-70, 78-80, 110 Soviet Union, 264 Sport fishing, see Recreational fishing Stakeholder participation, general, 143, 188, 193, 197, 200, 202-203, 219, 221, 224, 249, 364 regional councils, 9, 10, 12, 93-94, 97, 135138, 203, 220 Standards, 113-138 air quality, 46, 145, 162-163 National Standards for Fishery Conservation and Management, 114115, 196, 248, 258-259, 262 net mesh size, 115, 116, 132

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From page 421...

... , 195-196, 215, 245, 261 Arizona Groundwater Management Act, 53 community development quotas, 126 data collection, 70 enforcement, 66, 179-180 public trust doctrine, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49-54 regional councils, cooperation with, 195196 see also specific states Stewardship issues, 25, 36, 41, 127, 135 case studies, 97, 105, 106, 329 licensing, 224 national policy, 12, 168, 224, 199-200, 201, 203, 204 quota allocation criterion, 148-149, 150, 203, 204, 224 Stock assessments bioeconomics, Gordon-Schaefer model, 22 23 data fouling, 106, 107, 175, 216, 217, 269 fish stock measurement, 114, 120 Stock use rights, 134- 135 harvest privilege, 7-8, 9, 14, 84, 97, 337338, 339 Subsistence fishing, 19, 27, 74, 77, 125, 182, 218, 269, 306, 308, 310 see also Aboriginal fishing rights Sunset provisions, 8, 97, 180- 181, 200-202, 297 Superexclusive area registration, 134, 277 Supreme Court, see u.s. Supreme Court Surf clam/ocean quahog fisheries, 2, 3, 32-33, 37, 194, 209, 210, 221, 247, 368, 408 case study, 60-66, 78-80, 119, 281-297 defined, 277 Sustainable Fisheries Act, 2, 16, 139, 158, 248, 366 central registry system, 8, 202, 250-251 duration of IFQs, 180 moratorium on IFQs, 2, 5, 14, 18, 61, 62, 140, 191, 194, 196, 200 Sustainable yield, 1, 13, 140 maximum sustainable yield, 28-29, 31, 93, 274 421 T Taylor Grazing Act, 58 Taxes, see Fees and taxes Technical measures, 115, 131-135 Technological innovations, 21, 25, 28, 31, 46, 58, 114, 117-118, 170, 182, 324 Territorial use rights, 134- 135 Timber resources, 56-57, 144 Time factors, see Control dates; Derby fisheries; Effort quotas; Fishing effort; Seasonal fishing limits; Sunset provisions Total allowable catch, 1, 32, 120, 379 area restrictions and, 133 case studies, 57, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 85, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 137, 282, 284, 290, 291, 301, 310311,313,318,325,328,329,335, 336, 339, 344, 345, 346, 348, 352, 353, 355-360, 362, 403 defined, 3, 120, 277-278 derby fisheries, 2-3, 67, 107, 270, 306, 307 harvest privilege and, 8 IFQs/ITQs and, 20, 32-36 (passim)

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From page 422...

... Supreme Court, 40, 41(n.7) , 42, 43, 48, 50-51 V Vertical market integration, 153, 154, 205, 210 case studies, 60, 61, 87, 285, 289, 294-295, 296, 331, 336, 337, 341 defined, 172 Vessels bioeconomic models, 23, 34 INDEX case studies, individual fisheries, 62-63, 64, 67,73,77,81,82-83,96,99, 101, 102, 282, 283, 284, 288-289, 294, 309, 310, 325, 327, 330, 331-332 crew- and skipper-based share allocation, 151-152, 203, 204-205, 219, 244, 317, 337, 341, 398-403, 405, 407 crew size factors, 76, 115, 116, 122, 316 excessive IFQ shares and classes of, 6 fleet size factors, 68, 77, 85, 117, 136, 197, 244, 327, 330, 331-332 foreign ownership, 7, 14, 15, 31, 91, 257 quota allocations to, 10, 21, 118, 119, 121123, 130, 136, 147, 148, 149, 151, 157, 203, 205, 209, 212, 222, 244, 247, 403 case studies, 62-63, 73, 82-83, 86, 96, 99, 102, 104, 288-290, 309, 310, 313, 317, 325, 341 quota share transfers across classes of, 10 restrictions on, types of, 116-117, 209 vessel size factors, 34, 82, 99, 102, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 136, 169, 173, 203, 309, 310, 327, 329, 350, 351, 369 see also Charter boats; Catcher-processor vessels; Gear and gear restrictions; Individual bycatch quotas; Individual vessel quotas; Licensing; Trip limits Voluntary cooperatives, 129, 130 W Washington State, 70 Water resources and pollution, 48-54, 147 Weather conditions, 2, 36, 62, 95, 99, 170-171, 262, 286, 296, 307, 385, 389 Western Pacific Fishery Management Council, 127, 206, 278 Windfall profit, 6, 10, 14, 142, 144, 155, 161, 169,202,203,213-214,222,321 see also Capital gains taxes Wisconsin, 109 Wreckfish, see South Atlantic wreckfish fishery X Y Z Zero-revenue auctions, 6, 47, 145, 211

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Index Pages 409-422

Index
Pages 409-422