Nature's Numbers Expanding the National Economic Accounts to Include the Environment (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D Glossary
Appendix D Glossary
Pages 207-223
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From page 207... ...
Air quality standards: Levels of air pollutants, prescribed by regulations, that may not be exceeded during a specified time in a defined area. Ambient concentration: Measure of environmental quality indicating the amount of pollutants found per unit volume in different environmental media.
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From page 208... ...
It is sometimes expressed as weight per unit area of land or per unit volume of water. Biosphere: Thin stratum of the earth's surface and upper water layer containing the total mass of living organisms that process and recycle the energy and nutrients available from the environment.
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Core accounts: National Income and Product Accounts or traditionally and regularly reported accounts leading to such overall measures as gross domestic product (GDP)
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CV: See contingent valuation. Defensive environmental costs: Actual environmental protection costs incurred in preventing or neutralizing a decrease in environmental quality, as well as the expenditures necessary to compensate for or repair the negative effects (damage)
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as costs caused, that is, costs associated with economic units actually or potentially causing environmental deterioration by their own activities, or (2) as costs borne, that is, costs incurred by economic units independently of whether they have actually caused the environmental impacts.
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The EPA obtains and analyzes information pertaining to the environment and suggests and enforces relevant federal laws designed to protect human health and the natural environment. Environmental protection costs: Costs associated with preventing environmental damage.
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. Environmental statistics are integrative in nature, measuring human activities and natural events that affect the environment, the impacts of these activities and events, social responses to environmental impacts, and the quality and availability of natural assets.
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Green GDP: Popular term for environmentally adjusted gross domestic product. Greenhouse effect: Warming of the earth's atmosphere caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse or trace gases.
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It is defined as the revenue received minus all marginal costs of resource exploitation, exploration, and development, including a normal return to fixed capital employed. The Hotelling rent is used as a measure of natural-resource depletion in environmental accounting.
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value of natural resources and of their depletion and degradation, imputed in environmental accounting and estimated on the basis of expected market returns. See also discounting (of natural assets)
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These wastes occupy valuable land and cause harm to stream life when they are deposited near the drainage area of a stream. National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA)
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Nonrenewable natural resources: Exhaustible natural resources, such as mineral resources, that cannot be regenerated after exploitation. NPV: See net present value.
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Renewable energy sources: Energy sources including solar energy, geothermal energy, wind power, hydropower, ocean energy (thermal gradient, wave power, and tidal power) , biomass, animal power, and fuel wood.
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It may provide additional information, apply complementary or alternative concepts, extend the coverage of costs and benefits of human activities, and link physical with monetary data. The System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA)
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It assumes the conservation of natural assets for future growth and development. Sustainable income: Sustainable national income is defined as the maximum amount a nation can consume while ensuring that future generations will have living standards at least as high as those of the current generation.
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Valuation of natural assets: Methods of applying a monetary value to natural assets in environmental accounting that include (1) market valuation; (2)
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Water conservation: Preservation, control, and development of water resources, both surface and groundwater, and prevention of pollution. Water quality index: Weighted average of selected ambient concentrations of pollutants, usually linked to water quality classes.
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Key Terms
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