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From page 239... ... Index A Abatement, see Pollution abatement and control Accounts and accounting, definition and purpose, 12, 19, 27, 207 Acid precipitation, 40, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148 Aggregation and disaggregation, 14, 19, 32, 36, 37, 3940, 84, 123, 152, 186 see also Gross domestic product; Gross national product Agriculture, 34, 115, 168, 199 air pollutants, 114, 144, 145, 146, 147 forests and, 132, 133, 135, 138-139 hedonic valuation, 118 IEESA, 3, 106, 109, 111-112, 118, 168, 169 land and structures valuation, 111-112, 168 production costs, 135 see also Department of Agriculture Air quality and pollution, 8, 32, 113-116, 121-122, 126, 141-149, 152, 178-180, 199 acid precipitation, 40, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148 agriculture, impacts on, 114, 144, 145, 146, 147 BEA methodology, 148-149 carbon dioxide, 134, 135, 136, 176, 208 239 carbon monoxide, 142-143, 145, 208-209 chlorofluorocarbons, 143 data requirements/availability, 149, 171172, 199 defined, 207 ecosystem impacts, 149, 156 forests, 34, 145, 147 climate change and, 34, 134, 135, 136, 158, 178 fossil fuels, general, 60; see also Climate change historical perspectives, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148 IEESA, 3, 55, 110, 112, 156-157, 160, 171172 market forces, 142, 144-145 nitrogen dioxide, 143, 144, 145 ozone, ground-level, 143, 144, 145, 147 ozone layer depletion, 23, 115, 121, 122, 143-144, 145, 149, 218 particulate matter, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 218 photochemical, 218 recreation and, 114, 149, 156 residuals, 7, 113-116, 119, 121, 147, 150 secondary, 220 SEEA, 112 sulfur dioxide, 143, 144, 145; see also "acid precipitation" supra Read the entire page →
From page 240... ... , 129, 133, 145, 147, 150,155,162,168,176,179 pollution abatement, 25, 53 foreign earnings and, 27 investment and, 13, 15, 25 mineral resources, 73-74 Read the entire page →
From page 241... ... general, 21 UN systems, 21, 49 see also Gross domestic product; Gross national product Cost and cost-benefit factors, 8, 30, 58, 173, 216 agricultural production, 135 air pollution regulations, 23, 33, 146-147 climate change, 34-35, 57, 157-158 cost of living, CPI, 47 defensive environmental costs, 210 defined, 209-210 depletion costs, 49, 210 economic instruments, 210-211 environmental degradation, 48 environmental restoration, 49, 220 IESSA, 170, 172, 173, 180 minerals, exploration / extraction, 60, 61 , 63-66, 68-69,81-82,83,84,85,88,95,96,97 imports, 105 replacement costs, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91 nonmarket activities, data collection, 23, 29 opportunity costs, 30, 63, 97, 218 pollution abatement, 22, 25, 30-31, 33-34, 4546, 49, 53-54, 111, 146-147, 156, 157-158, 164, 178, 219 241 pollution expenditure accounting, 40, 4546 public vs private goods, 7, 157 recreational services, 139 regulations, 15, 22, 32, 33, 46, 111, 157, 179; see also "air pollution regulations" and "pollution abatement" supra replacement costs, 49 mineral resources, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91 sectoral breakdowns, 33, 157 timber production, 26, 134-135, 137, 139, 176, 203, 204, 205 transaction prices, 47 mineral resources, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79,84,86,87,90 travel costs, 17, 124, 126-127, 150, 165, 177, 222 user costs, 222 Crime, see Illegal activities Current rent method, 71-77 (passim) , 79, 80, 84-85, 87, 88-89, 91, 95-101 (passim) Read the entire page →
From page 242... ... , 101, 103, 104, 162, 168, 194 depreciation vs. 87-89, 164 scarcity and price, 92-95, 104-105 mineral resources, foreign countries, 96 recreational land, 112 Depression and recession, see Economic cycles Discounting of natural assets, 4445, 50, 173, 189, 202, 206 defined, 210 mineral resources, 69-71, 74, 75, 76, 86, 89, 90, 95, 96, 97, 101 renewable resources, 115, 138, 146 Doses and dose-response relationship, 121122, 124, 126-127, 149 E Earth Summit, see United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Ecological impacts, 42, 156, 177-178, 180 air pollutants, 149, 156 defined, 210 see also Biodiversity; Wildlife Economic assets, 12-13, 14, 19-20, 150, 155 air pollutants, impacts on, 113, 148 defined, 12, 210-211 forests, 136-137 mineral resource stocks, 20, 25, 43, 49, 55,59,60,61,73,75,77,80,81-82, 84,85,92,95,96,101,103,162 renewable resources, 113, 136-137, 148, 175-177 see also Depreciation and depletion; Investments and investment accounts; Valuation of natural assets INDEX Economic cycles, 12, 13, 81 Great Depression, 13, 35 Economic profit/Economic rent, see Rent methods Education and training, 14, 21, 22, 23, 54, 119 Emission standards, 142-145 defined, 211 foreign countries, 52 see also Air quality standards; Water quality standards Energy Information Administration, 211 Energy resources, production and consumption, 6, 50, 193-194 Department of Energy, 80, 151, 211 price factors, 25, 84 primary energy consumption, 219 renewable, 219 valuation, 59-60, 71, 76, 78, 81, 82, 84, 96 wood fuel, 133, 135 see also Fossil fuels Environmental and Natural Resource Accounting Program, 4243, 211 Environmental degradation, 11, 17, 25, 48 aggregation techniques, 40 foreign systems, 50-51 GDP and, 28 IEESA, 55, 112 recreational land, 112 SEEA, 112 see also Pollution abatement and control Environmental Protection Agency, 23, 142 144, 145-146, 147, 151, 159, 172, 179, 196, 197, 199-200, 212 Environmental restoration costs, 49, 220 defined, 212 foreign systems, 51 SEEA, 112 Equations forest assets, 202-206 mineral resources valuation, 71, 72-73, 75, 77, 101 NNP, 190 sustainable income, 192 Europe, 17, 40, 50, 121 Commission of the European Communities, 51, 154, 209 fossil fuels, 50, 96, 97, 98 see also specific countries European System for the Collection of Information on the Environment, 213 Exports and imports, see Foreign trade Read the entire page →
From page 243... ... INDEX F Farming and farmland, see Agriculture Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board, 172, 213 Federal government, general assets of, 31 budgetary accounts, 28 interagency cooperation, 80, 139, 141, 151, 171-173 mineral estate, 31, 34 see also Funding; Legislation; Regulatory issues; specific departments and agencies Fish and Wildlife Service, 196, 198, 200 Fisheries, 7, 25, 31, 156, 199 IEESA, 3, 16, 106, 167-168, 169, 171 Flow measures, 3, 38, 48, 51, 52, 57 environmental, 3, 22, 31, 37, 38, 44, 48, 52, 107, 113, 120-121, 122, 161-162, 165, 167, 170-171, 177, 178, 179, 186, 196 investment, 22 minerals, 59, 70, 74, 76, 79, 82, 84, 95, 96, 173 near-market, 130 non-market, general, 8, 151, 169, 178 public goods, 8, 151 renewable resources, 115, 116, 117, 121, 130, 132, 133, 135, 141, 149, 150, 151, France, 38, 52 152, 161-162, 165, 167, 174, 177, 178, Funding 186, 190, 196 SEEA, 48 sustainability, 186, 190 Ford Administration, 154 Foreign countries, see Europe; International perspectives; specific countries Foreign direct investment, 24, 30 Foreign trade, 24, 159 mineral resources, 6, 104, 105 services, 24 Forests, 7, 20, 25, 26, 30, 34, 131-141, 152, 176, 177-178, 180, 202-206 agriculture and, 132, 133, 135, 138-139 air pollutants, 34, 145, 147 climate change and, 34, 134, 135, 136, 158, 178 BEA methodology, 134-141 IEESA, 3, 16, 106, 112, 141, 167-168, 169, 171 biodiversity and, 39, 132, 134, 135 foreign countries, 52 243 historical perspectives, 132(n.6) , 133, 137 household accounts, 134, 135, 141 NIPA, 131-136 nonmarket goods and services, 135-136, 141 price factors, 137, 138, 139, 140, 202, 204 public goods issues, 133-134 recreational activities, 132, 135, 139, 141, 156 timber,3,6,7,16, 17,23, 30, 31, 34, 37-38, 39, 42, 44, 50, 106, 112, 118, 132-133, 134-135, 137-138, 141, 168, 169, 174, 176-177, 199, 203 production costs, 26, 134-135, 137, 139, 176, 203, 204, 205 regional factors, 139, 205 stumpage value, 31, 139, 156, 171, 204, 221 valuation, general, 39, 112, 132-141, 156, 167-168, 176-178, 202-206 wildlife, 39, 132, 134, 135 wood fuel, 133, 135 Forest Service, 135, 136, 139, 141, 196, 198, 199, 205-206 Fossil fuels, 6, 18, 50, 59-60, 71, 76, 78, 81, 82,84,96,97,174 defined, 214 Europe, 50, 96, 97, 98 see also Climate change committee recommendations, 4, 8, 159, 160 satellite accounts, 4, 8, 54, 111, 159, 160, 170 G Gas, see Fossil fuels Geological Survey, 80, 200 Global environment, general, 11, 23, 112 ozone depletion, 23, 115, 121, 122, 143144, 145, 149, 218 public goods, 128, 131 see also Climate change Great Depression, 13, 35 Greenhouse effect, see Climate change Gross domestic product, 14, 16, 25, 26-27, 57, 162, 187 defined, 12, 20, 56, 214 depreciation, 26 Read the entire page →
From page 244... ... 244 environmental disasters, 28 foreign accounting, 51 forests, 136 mineral resources, 60, 79,80,81,91-92,102 nonmarket accounts, 14, 20 omissions, 26-27 pollution abatement, 53-54 pollution expenditure accounting, 45 US residents' foreign earnings, 26-27, 187 Gross national product, 13, 163 defined, 214 foreign accounting, 51 US residents' foreign earnings, 26-27 H Health as a resource, 22, 25, 30-31, 33, 38, 114, 116, 119-120, 123, 126-127, 179180, 197, 201 air quality impacts, 142-144, 146, 147149, 151, 156, 179-180, 197 Department of Health and Human Services, 151, 196, 201 pollutant doses and dose-response, 121122, 124, 126-127, 149 public vs private goods, 128 see also Recreation activities and resources Hedonic modeling and pricing, 7, 118-119, 124-125, 126-127, 150, 165-166, 167 defined, 214-215 Hicksian income, 24, 35, 188 Historical perspectives, 11, 20-24, 53-56, 154 air quality, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148 comprehensive economic accounts, 41-42 forests, 132(n.6) , 133, 137 IEESA, 54-55, 56, 58, 154, 158 NIPA, 13-14, 19, 20, 35-37, 4142, 53 satellite accounts, 14-15, 16, 20-37, 55 Hotelling rents defined, 63, 215 mineral resources, 63, 64, 65, 69-70, 73, 74,76,83,85,87,88,89,95,103,137, 175, 203 timber, 137, 137-138, 203 Households, 150 air pollutants, 113, 146, 148 capital acquisition, 30 production, 11, 12, 14, 46, 48, 50, 129-130 forests, 134, 135, 141 see also Near-market goods and services; Recreation activities and resources INDEX Human capital, 3, 5, 22, 54, 57, 119, 191 doses and dose-response relationship, 121-122, 124, 126-127, 149 education and training, 14, 21, 22, 23, 54, 119 see also Health as a resource I IEESA, see Integrated Environmental and Economic Satellite Accounts Illegal activities, 20 Incentives, general, 51, 174-175 Inflation, 24, 26, 97 Integrated Environmental and Economic Satellite Accounts, 1-3, 16-17, 18, 153-154, 155, 158-170 air quality and pollution, 3, 55, 110, 112, 156-157, 160, 171-172 asset accounts, by type of asset, 1987, 108-110 core accounts and, 161-163 cost-benefit analysis, 170, 172, 173, 180 environmental degradation, 55, 112 fisheries, 3, 16, 106, 167-168, 169, 171 forests, 3, 16, 106, 112, 141, 167-168, 169, 171 history of, 54-55, 56, 58, 154, 158 international perspectives, 2, 154, 163 165 land use, 109-110, 112 mineral resources, 3, 4-6, 16, 55, 61, 70-96, 102-105, 109, 156, 162, 167, 168, 169 near-market goods, 3, 161, 169 nonmarket goods and services, general, 16, 155-158, 161, 163 renewable resources, 3, 55, 107-113 study at hand, methodology, 17-18 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 136 International perspectives, 14-15, 24, 38, 40, 4243, 50-53, 154, 160, 170 foreign direct investment, 24, 30 forests, 131, 136, 139, 140 IEESA, 2, 154, 163-165 mineral resources, 6, 96-99, 104, 105 US residents' foreign earnings, 26-27, 187 see also Climate change; Foreign trade; Global environment; specific countries; terms beginning "United Nations" Read the entire page →
From page 245... ... 87-89, 164 scarcity and price, 92-95, 104-105 depletion, foreign countries, 96 discounting of assets, 69-71, 74, 75, 76, 86,89,90,95,96,97,101 federal estate, 31, 34 flow measures, 59, 70, 74, 76, 79, 82, 84, 95, 96, 173 foreign countries, 52, 96-99, 104, 105 GDP, 60, 79, 80, 81, 91-92, 102 IEESA, 3, 4-6, 16, 55, 61, 70-96, 102-105, 109,156,162,167,168,169 market forces, 5, 63, 103 national forests, 135 NDP, 79, 80, 89, 92, 101-102 Read the entire page →
From page 246... ... , 130 National Performance Review, 40 National Science Foundation, 42 National Toxins Inventory, 146 Natural gas, see Fossil fuels Near-market goods and services, 7, 11, 20, 23, 37-38, 46, 150, 152 forest products, 135 IEESA, 3,161, 169 public vs private goods, 129-130 see also Households Net domestic product defined, 15, 217 environmental degradation, 48 mineral resources, 79, 80, 89, 92,101-102 sustainable income, general, 36-37,189, 190, 192-193, 195 Netherlands, 38, 40, 52, 98 Net national income, 26, 31, 43 Net national product, 26, 27, 31, 35, 163, 184, 187-188, 189-190 defined, 184 environmental degradation, 48 forests, 136 Net National Welfare, 4142 Net present value, 44, 45 defined, 217 forests, 140 mineral resources, 69-70, 74-75, 76, 88, 95,99 NIPA, see National Income and Product Accounts Nitrogen dioxide, 143,144,145 Nonmarket accounts, general, 3, 7-8, 9,11, 14, 15, 23, 29, 36, 113, 123-131, 165169, 190 air quality impacts, 142 Read the entire page →
From page 247... ... , 76, 77, 80, 82-92 (passim) , 103, 104-105, 160-161, 180 foreign countries, 97, 98-99 revaluation effects, 65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 85, 90-91, 92, 94, 99, 162 scarcity, 92-95, 104-105 transaction prices, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79,84,86,87,90 nonmarket services, 43 public vs private goods, 7, 129, 150 residual pollutants, 116 revaluation effects, 30, 37, 44, 189, 192 193, 195, 206 mineral resources, 65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 85, 90-91, 92, 94, 99, 162 timber, 137, 138 transaction prices, 47, 204 mineral resources, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79,84,86,87,90 Public goods, 23, 128-130, 150, 152, 169 CPI and, 47 Read the entire page →
From page 248... ... , 175 timber, 139, 205 Regulatory issues, 39,155,196 air quality, 142; see also Air quality standards costs of, 15, 22, 32, 33, 46, 111, 157, 179 air pollution regulations, 23, 33, 146-147 pollution abatement and control, 22, 25, 30-31, 33-34, 4546, 49, 53-54, 111, 146-147, 156, 157-158, 164, 178, 219 health and safety, 33 satellite accounts, 15, 22, 31, 56-57 see also Environmental Protection Agency; Standards INDEX Renewable resources, general, 6-8,106-152, 161 BEA methodology, 3, 106-113, 134-141, 148-149, 151-152 consumption measures, 25,117, 119,122, 128(n.5) , 129,133,145,147, 150 data requirements/availability, 121-123, 149, 150-152, 171-172, 175-178 defined, 219 depreciation, 45 discounting, 115,138, 146 flow measures, 115,116,117,121,130, 132, 133, 135, 141, 149, 150, 151, 152, 161-162, 165, 167, 174, 177, 178, 186, 190, 196 IEESA, 3, 55,107-113 see also Agriculture; Air quality and pollution; Fisheries; Forests; Sustainability and sustainable development Rent methods defined, 219-220 forests, 202 mineral resources, 64, 65, 71-74, 79, 8485, 87-89, 91, 95, 96-100 see also Hotelling rents Replacement costs, 49 mineral resources, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91 Residuals, pollutants, 7,113-116, 119, 121, 147, 150 see also Ozone layer depletion Resource Planning Act, 199 Revaluation effects, 30, 37, 44, 189, 192-193, 195, 206 mineral resources, 65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 85, 90-91, 92, 94, 99, 162 Ricardian rents, mineral resources, 64, 65, 87 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, see United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Risk assessment and management, 36,186, 220 Royalties, mineral resources, 67-68, 90, 98, 99, 220 S Satellite accounts, 34, 7, 17, 21, 46, 48, 151, 153, 154-158 air quality, 148-149,151 Read the entire page →
From page 249... ... INDEX capital assets, 117-118 comprehensive economic accounts, 41 consumption measures, 22, 27, 31, 57, 117 defined, 34, 22, 220 foreign countries, 53, 58 funding, 4, 8, 54, 111, 159, 160, 170 history of, 14-15, 20-37, 55 mineral resources, 55, 61 regulatory issues, 15, 22, 31, 56-57 sustainability, 183-184 see also Integrated Environmental and Economic Satellite Accounts; Nonmarket accounts Savings, 22, 28, 30 Scorekeeping, 27-28, 39, 40, 119 defined, 119 foreign countries, 53 Sectoral factors, general air quality as sector, 8 cost-benefit analysis by sector, 33, 157 ENRAP, 42, 43 IEESA, 3 NIPA, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 42, 43 sustainability, 186-187, 194 see also specific sectors SEEA, see System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting SERIEE, see European System for the Collection of Information on the Environment Smog, see Photochemical air pollution SNA, see System of National Accounts Social factors, 11, 25, 54, 180, 188, 191, 193 mineral resources, 5, 103 quality of life, 15, 28, 36, 47, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194, 219 see also Health as a resource; Human capital Soils,6, 61,118, 148, 165,167, 198, 201 acid precipitation, 40, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148 see also Agriculture Standard of living, 15, 28, 36, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194 Standards data collection/classification, 51, 84, 163164, 173 see also Air quality standards; Emission standards; Regulatory issues 249 State government and state-level factors, 29 mineral resources, 5 see also Regional factors Subsoil assets, see also Minerals and mining Sulfur dioxide, 143, 144, 145 see also Acid precipitation survey of current Business, 16 Sustainability and sustainable development, 2, 26-27, 28, 35-37, 44, 57, 155, 162, 183-195 defined, 15, 28, 36, 183, 221 flow measures, 186, 190 mineral resources, 5, 91, 92, 101, 102, 104-105 NDP, 36-37, 189, 190, 192-193, 195 NIPA, 187, 188, 189, 195 replacement costs, 49, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91 satellite accounts, 183-184 see also Quality of life Sweden, 98-99 System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting, 48, 49-50, 81, 112, 154, 163-165, 221 System of National Accounts, 21, 47-50, 58, 80, 221 T Taxation, 22, 155 ecological, 51 indirect, 12 mineral resources, 67-68, 78, 90, 98, 99 Technological change, 37, 186, 191, 194, 195 defined, 221 mineral extraction, 63 pollution abatement, impact on, 111 Timber resources, 3, 6, 7, 16, 17, 23, 30, 31, 34, 37-38, 39, 42, 44, 50, 106, 112, 118, 132-133, 134-135, 137-138, 141, 168, 169, 174, 176-177, 199, 203 production costs, 26, 134-135, 137, 139, 176, 203, 204, 205 regional factors, 139, 205 stumpage value, 31, 139, 156, 171, 204, 221 wood fuel, 133, 135 Trade, international, see Foreign trade Transaction prices, 47 mineral resources, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79,84,86,87,90 Read the entire page →
From page 250... ... 250 Transport of pollutants, see Pollutant transport Travel-cost valuation, 7, 124, 126-127, 150, 165, 177, 222 U United Kingdom, 52, 98, 99 United Nations, 38, 154 core accounts, 21, 49 System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting, 48, 49-50, 81, 112, 154, 163-165, 221 System of National Accounts, 21, 47-50, 58,80,221 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 222 United Nations Environment Program, 222 Utility, 82, 162, 189, 222 defined, 222 V Valuation of natural assets, 3, 26, 38, 4445, 4647, 123-131, 154, 163-167 contingent valuation, 7, 38, 125-128, 131, 166, 209 defined, 222 energy resources, 59-60, 71, 76, 78, 81, 82, 84,96 forests, 39, 112, 132-141, 156, 167-168, 176-178, 202-206 hedonic modeling and pricing, 7, 118 119, 124-125, 126-127, 150, 165-166, 214-215 mineral resources, 61, 64, 65-105, 167, 168 equations, 71, 72-73, 75, 77, 101 INDEX net present value, 44, 45, 140, 217 mineral resources, 69-70, 74-75, 76, 88, 95,99 private vs public goods, 7, 128-129, 134, 150 recommendations, 7, 102-103, 150 recreation resources, 112, 167-168 travel-cost valuation, 7, 124, 126-127, 222, 150, 165, 222 see also Depreciation and depletion; Discounting of natural assets; Market forces; Price factors; Revaluation effects W Water quality standards, 29, 223 Water resources and pollution, 8, 20, 32, 126-127, 156-157, 178-180, 197, 199200, 223 acid precipitation, 40, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148 foreign countries, 52 forested watersheds, 133, 135 human exposure, 151 IEESA, 3, 16, 55, 112, 160, 169, 171-172 pollution abatement, 46 wetlands, 113, 118, 123, 197, 198, 200 Western Europe, see Europe Wetlands, 113, 118, 123, 197, 198, 200 Wildlife, 177, 198, 200 air quality, 144-145 forests, 39, 132, 134, 135 see also Biodiversity; Fisheries Willingness to pay, see Contingent valuation World Bank, 43, 140 World Resources Institute, 43 Read the entire page →

From page 239...

... Index A Abatement, see Pollution abatement and control Accounts and accounting, definition and purpose, 12, 19, 27, 207 Acid precipitation, 40, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148 Aggregation and disaggregation, 14, 19, 32, 36, 37, 3940, 84, 123, 152, 186 see also Gross domestic product; Gross national product Agriculture, 34, 115, 168, 199 air pollutants, 114, 144, 145, 146, 147 forests and, 132, 133, 135, 138-139 hedonic valuation, 118 IEESA, 3, 106, 109, 111-112, 118, 168, 169 land and structures valuation, 111-112, 168 production costs, 135 see also Department of Agriculture Air quality and pollution, 8, 32, 113-116, 121-122, 126, 141-149, 152, 178-180, 199 acid precipitation, 40, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148 agriculture, impacts on, 114, 144, 145, 146, 147 BEA methodology, 148-149 carbon dioxide, 134, 135, 136, 176, 208 239 carbon monoxide, 142-143, 145, 208-209 chlorofluorocarbons, 143 data requirements/availability, 149, 171172, 199 defined, 207 ecosystem impacts, 149, 156 forests, 34, 145, 147 climate change and, 34, 134, 135, 136, 158, 178 fossil fuels, general, 60; see also Climate change historical perspectives, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148 IEESA, 3, 55, 110, 112, 156-157, 160, 171172 market forces, 142, 144-145 nitrogen dioxide, 143, 144, 145 ozone, ground-level, 143, 144, 145, 147 ozone layer depletion, 23, 115, 121, 122, 143-144, 145, 149, 218 particulate matter, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 218 photochemical, 218 recreation and, 114, 149, 156 residuals, 7, 113-116, 119, 121, 147, 150 secondary, 220 SEEA, 112 sulfur dioxide, 143, 144, 145; see also "acid precipitation" supra

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... , 129, 133, 145, 147, 150,155,162,168,176,179 pollution abatement, 25, 53 foreign earnings and, 27 investment and, 13, 15, 25 mineral resources, 73-74

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From page 241...

... general, 21 UN systems, 21, 49 see also Gross domestic product; Gross national product Cost and cost-benefit factors, 8, 30, 58, 173, 216 agricultural production, 135 air pollution regulations, 23, 33, 146-147 climate change, 34-35, 57, 157-158 cost of living, CPI, 47 defensive environmental costs, 210 defined, 209-210 depletion costs, 49, 210 economic instruments, 210-211 environmental degradation, 48 environmental restoration, 49, 220 IESSA, 170, 172, 173, 180 minerals, exploration / extraction, 60, 61 , 63-66, 68-69,81-82,83,84,85,88,95,96,97 imports, 105 replacement costs, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91 nonmarket activities, data collection, 23, 29 opportunity costs, 30, 63, 97, 218 pollution abatement, 22, 25, 30-31, 33-34, 4546, 49, 53-54, 111, 146-147, 156, 157-158, 164, 178, 219 241 pollution expenditure accounting, 40, 4546 public vs private goods, 7, 157 recreational services, 139 regulations, 15, 22, 32, 33, 46, 111, 157, 179; see also "air pollution regulations" and "pollution abatement" supra replacement costs, 49 mineral resources, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91 sectoral breakdowns, 33, 157 timber production, 26, 134-135, 137, 139, 176, 203, 204, 205 transaction prices, 47 mineral resources, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79,84,86,87,90 travel costs, 17, 124, 126-127, 150, 165, 177, 222 user costs, 222 Crime, see Illegal activities Current rent method, 71-77 (passim) , 79, 80, 84-85, 87, 88-89, 91, 95-101 (passim)

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... , 101, 103, 104, 162, 168, 194 depreciation vs. 87-89, 164 scarcity and price, 92-95, 104-105 mineral resources, foreign countries, 96 recreational land, 112 Depression and recession, see Economic cycles Discounting of natural assets, 4445, 50, 173, 189, 202, 206 defined, 210 mineral resources, 69-71, 74, 75, 76, 86, 89, 90, 95, 96, 97, 101 renewable resources, 115, 138, 146 Doses and dose-response relationship, 121122, 124, 126-127, 149 E Earth Summit, see United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Ecological impacts, 42, 156, 177-178, 180 air pollutants, 149, 156 defined, 210 see also Biodiversity; Wildlife Economic assets, 12-13, 14, 19-20, 150, 155 air pollutants, impacts on, 113, 148 defined, 12, 210-211 forests, 136-137 mineral resource stocks, 20, 25, 43, 49, 55,59,60,61,73,75,77,80,81-82, 84,85,92,95,96,101,103,162 renewable resources, 113, 136-137, 148, 175-177 see also Depreciation and depletion; Investments and investment accounts; Valuation of natural assets INDEX Economic cycles, 12, 13, 81 Great Depression, 13, 35 Economic profit/Economic rent, see Rent methods Education and training, 14, 21, 22, 23, 54, 119 Emission standards, 142-145 defined, 211 foreign countries, 52 see also Air quality standards; Water quality standards Energy Information Administration, 211 Energy resources, production and consumption, 6, 50, 193-194 Department of Energy, 80, 151, 211 price factors, 25, 84 primary energy consumption, 219 renewable, 219 valuation, 59-60, 71, 76, 78, 81, 82, 84, 96 wood fuel, 133, 135 see also Fossil fuels Environmental and Natural Resource Accounting Program, 4243, 211 Environmental degradation, 11, 17, 25, 48 aggregation techniques, 40 foreign systems, 50-51 GDP and, 28 IEESA, 55, 112 recreational land, 112 SEEA, 112 see also Pollution abatement and control Environmental Protection Agency, 23, 142 144, 145-146, 147, 151, 159, 172, 179, 196, 197, 199-200, 212 Environmental restoration costs, 49, 220 defined, 212 foreign systems, 51 SEEA, 112 Equations forest assets, 202-206 mineral resources valuation, 71, 72-73, 75, 77, 101 NNP, 190 sustainable income, 192 Europe, 17, 40, 50, 121 Commission of the European Communities, 51, 154, 209 fossil fuels, 50, 96, 97, 98 see also specific countries European System for the Collection of Information on the Environment, 213 Exports and imports, see Foreign trade

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From page 243...

... INDEX F Farming and farmland, see Agriculture Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board, 172, 213 Federal government, general assets of, 31 budgetary accounts, 28 interagency cooperation, 80, 139, 141, 151, 171-173 mineral estate, 31, 34 see also Funding; Legislation; Regulatory issues; specific departments and agencies Fish and Wildlife Service, 196, 198, 200 Fisheries, 7, 25, 31, 156, 199 IEESA, 3, 16, 106, 167-168, 169, 171 Flow measures, 3, 38, 48, 51, 52, 57 environmental, 3, 22, 31, 37, 38, 44, 48, 52, 107, 113, 120-121, 122, 161-162, 165, 167, 170-171, 177, 178, 179, 186, 196 investment, 22 minerals, 59, 70, 74, 76, 79, 82, 84, 95, 96, 173 near-market, 130 non-market, general, 8, 151, 169, 178 public goods, 8, 151 renewable resources, 115, 116, 117, 121, 130, 132, 133, 135, 141, 149, 150, 151, France, 38, 52 152, 161-162, 165, 167, 174, 177, 178, Funding 186, 190, 196 SEEA, 48 sustainability, 186, 190 Ford Administration, 154 Foreign countries, see Europe; International perspectives; specific countries Foreign direct investment, 24, 30 Foreign trade, 24, 159 mineral resources, 6, 104, 105 services, 24 Forests, 7, 20, 25, 26, 30, 34, 131-141, 152, 176, 177-178, 180, 202-206 agriculture and, 132, 133, 135, 138-139 air pollutants, 34, 145, 147 climate change and, 34, 134, 135, 136, 158, 178 BEA methodology, 134-141 IEESA, 3, 16, 106, 112, 141, 167-168, 169, 171 biodiversity and, 39, 132, 134, 135 foreign countries, 52 243 historical perspectives, 132(n.6) , 133, 137 household accounts, 134, 135, 141 NIPA, 131-136 nonmarket goods and services, 135-136, 141 price factors, 137, 138, 139, 140, 202, 204 public goods issues, 133-134 recreational activities, 132, 135, 139, 141, 156 timber,3,6,7,16, 17,23, 30, 31, 34, 37-38, 39, 42, 44, 50, 106, 112, 118, 132-133, 134-135, 137-138, 141, 168, 169, 174, 176-177, 199, 203 production costs, 26, 134-135, 137, 139, 176, 203, 204, 205 regional factors, 139, 205 stumpage value, 31, 139, 156, 171, 204, 221 valuation, general, 39, 112, 132-141, 156, 167-168, 176-178, 202-206 wildlife, 39, 132, 134, 135 wood fuel, 133, 135 Forest Service, 135, 136, 139, 141, 196, 198, 199, 205-206 Fossil fuels, 6, 18, 50, 59-60, 71, 76, 78, 81, 82,84,96,97,174 defined, 214 Europe, 50, 96, 97, 98 see also Climate change committee recommendations, 4, 8, 159, 160 satellite accounts, 4, 8, 54, 111, 159, 160, 170 G Gas, see Fossil fuels Geological Survey, 80, 200 Global environment, general, 11, 23, 112 ozone depletion, 23, 115, 121, 122, 143144, 145, 149, 218 public goods, 128, 131 see also Climate change Great Depression, 13, 35 Greenhouse effect, see Climate change Gross domestic product, 14, 16, 25, 26-27, 57, 162, 187 defined, 12, 20, 56, 214 depreciation, 26

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From page 244...

... 244 environmental disasters, 28 foreign accounting, 51 forests, 136 mineral resources, 60, 79,80,81,91-92,102 nonmarket accounts, 14, 20 omissions, 26-27 pollution abatement, 53-54 pollution expenditure accounting, 45 US residents' foreign earnings, 26-27, 187 Gross national product, 13, 163 defined, 214 foreign accounting, 51 US residents' foreign earnings, 26-27 H Health as a resource, 22, 25, 30-31, 33, 38, 114, 116, 119-120, 123, 126-127, 179180, 197, 201 air quality impacts, 142-144, 146, 147149, 151, 156, 179-180, 197 Department of Health and Human Services, 151, 196, 201 pollutant doses and dose-response, 121122, 124, 126-127, 149 public vs private goods, 128 see also Recreation activities and resources Hedonic modeling and pricing, 7, 118-119, 124-125, 126-127, 150, 165-166, 167 defined, 214-215 Hicksian income, 24, 35, 188 Historical perspectives, 11, 20-24, 53-56, 154 air quality, 142, 145, 146, 147, 148 comprehensive economic accounts, 41-42 forests, 132(n.6) , 133, 137 IEESA, 54-55, 56, 58, 154, 158 NIPA, 13-14, 19, 20, 35-37, 4142, 53 satellite accounts, 14-15, 16, 20-37, 55 Hotelling rents defined, 63, 215 mineral resources, 63, 64, 65, 69-70, 73, 74,76,83,85,87,88,89,95,103,137, 175, 203 timber, 137, 137-138, 203 Households, 150 air pollutants, 113, 146, 148 capital acquisition, 30 production, 11, 12, 14, 46, 48, 50, 129-130 forests, 134, 135, 141 see also Near-market goods and services; Recreation activities and resources INDEX Human capital, 3, 5, 22, 54, 57, 119, 191 doses and dose-response relationship, 121-122, 124, 126-127, 149 education and training, 14, 21, 22, 23, 54, 119 see also Health as a resource I IEESA, see Integrated Environmental and Economic Satellite Accounts Illegal activities, 20 Incentives, general, 51, 174-175 Inflation, 24, 26, 97 Integrated Environmental and Economic Satellite Accounts, 1-3, 16-17, 18, 153-154, 155, 158-170 air quality and pollution, 3, 55, 110, 112, 156-157, 160, 171-172 asset accounts, by type of asset, 1987, 108-110 core accounts and, 161-163 cost-benefit analysis, 170, 172, 173, 180 environmental degradation, 55, 112 fisheries, 3, 16, 106, 167-168, 169, 171 forests, 3, 16, 106, 112, 141, 167-168, 169, 171 history of, 54-55, 56, 58, 154, 158 international perspectives, 2, 154, 163 165 land use, 109-110, 112 mineral resources, 3, 4-6, 16, 55, 61, 70-96, 102-105, 109, 156, 162, 167, 168, 169 near-market goods, 3, 161, 169 nonmarket goods and services, general, 16, 155-158, 161, 163 renewable resources, 3, 55, 107-113 study at hand, methodology, 17-18 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 136 International perspectives, 14-15, 24, 38, 40, 4243, 50-53, 154, 160, 170 foreign direct investment, 24, 30 forests, 131, 136, 139, 140 IEESA, 2, 154, 163-165 mineral resources, 6, 96-99, 104, 105 US residents' foreign earnings, 26-27, 187 see also Climate change; Foreign trade; Global environment; specific countries; terms beginning "United Nations"

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From page 245...

... 87-89, 164 scarcity and price, 92-95, 104-105 depletion, foreign countries, 96 discounting of assets, 69-71, 74, 75, 76, 86,89,90,95,96,97,101 federal estate, 31, 34 flow measures, 59, 70, 74, 76, 79, 82, 84, 95, 96, 173 foreign countries, 52, 96-99, 104, 105 GDP, 60, 79, 80, 81, 91-92, 102 IEESA, 3, 4-6, 16, 55, 61, 70-96, 102-105, 109,156,162,167,168,169 market forces, 5, 63, 103 national forests, 135 NDP, 79, 80, 89, 92, 101-102

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From page 246...

... , 130 National Performance Review, 40 National Science Foundation, 42 National Toxins Inventory, 146 Natural gas, see Fossil fuels Near-market goods and services, 7, 11, 20, 23, 37-38, 46, 150, 152 forest products, 135 IEESA, 3,161, 169 public vs private goods, 129-130 see also Households Net domestic product defined, 15, 217 environmental degradation, 48 mineral resources, 79, 80, 89, 92,101-102 sustainable income, general, 36-37,189, 190, 192-193, 195 Netherlands, 38, 40, 52, 98 Net national income, 26, 31, 43 Net national product, 26, 27, 31, 35, 163, 184, 187-188, 189-190 defined, 184 environmental degradation, 48 forests, 136 Net National Welfare, 4142 Net present value, 44, 45 defined, 217 forests, 140 mineral resources, 69-70, 74-75, 76, 88, 95,99 NIPA, see National Income and Product Accounts Nitrogen dioxide, 143,144,145 Nonmarket accounts, general, 3, 7-8, 9,11, 14, 15, 23, 29, 36, 113, 123-131, 165169, 190 air quality impacts, 142

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From page 247...

... , 76, 77, 80, 82-92 (passim) , 103, 104-105, 160-161, 180 foreign countries, 97, 98-99 revaluation effects, 65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 85, 90-91, 92, 94, 99, 162 scarcity, 92-95, 104-105 transaction prices, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79,84,86,87,90 nonmarket services, 43 public vs private goods, 7, 129, 150 residual pollutants, 116 revaluation effects, 30, 37, 44, 189, 192 193, 195, 206 mineral resources, 65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 85, 90-91, 92, 94, 99, 162 timber, 137, 138 transaction prices, 47, 204 mineral resources, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79,84,86,87,90 Public goods, 23, 128-130, 150, 152, 169 CPI and, 47

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From page 248...

... , 175 timber, 139, 205 Regulatory issues, 39,155,196 air quality, 142; see also Air quality standards costs of, 15, 22, 32, 33, 46, 111, 157, 179 air pollution regulations, 23, 33, 146-147 pollution abatement and control, 22, 25, 30-31, 33-34, 4546, 49, 53-54, 111, 146-147, 156, 157-158, 164, 178, 219 health and safety, 33 satellite accounts, 15, 22, 31, 56-57 see also Environmental Protection Agency; Standards INDEX Renewable resources, general, 6-8,106-152, 161 BEA methodology, 3, 106-113, 134-141, 148-149, 151-152 consumption measures, 25,117, 119,122, 128(n.5) , 129,133,145,147, 150 data requirements/availability, 121-123, 149, 150-152, 171-172, 175-178 defined, 219 depreciation, 45 discounting, 115,138, 146 flow measures, 115,116,117,121,130, 132, 133, 135, 141, 149, 150, 151, 152, 161-162, 165, 167, 174, 177, 178, 186, 190, 196 IEESA, 3, 55,107-113 see also Agriculture; Air quality and pollution; Fisheries; Forests; Sustainability and sustainable development Rent methods defined, 219-220 forests, 202 mineral resources, 64, 65, 71-74, 79, 8485, 87-89, 91, 95, 96-100 see also Hotelling rents Replacement costs, 49 mineral resources, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91 Residuals, pollutants, 7,113-116, 119, 121, 147, 150 see also Ozone layer depletion Resource Planning Act, 199 Revaluation effects, 30, 37, 44, 189, 192-193, 195, 206 mineral resources, 65, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 78, 82, 85, 90-91, 92, 94, 99, 162 Ricardian rents, mineral resources, 64, 65, 87 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, see United Nations Conference on Environment and Development Risk assessment and management, 36,186, 220 Royalties, mineral resources, 67-68, 90, 98, 99, 220 S Satellite accounts, 34, 7, 17, 21, 46, 48, 151, 153, 154-158 air quality, 148-149,151

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From page 249...

... INDEX capital assets, 117-118 comprehensive economic accounts, 41 consumption measures, 22, 27, 31, 57, 117 defined, 34, 22, 220 foreign countries, 53, 58 funding, 4, 8, 54, 111, 159, 160, 170 history of, 14-15, 20-37, 55 mineral resources, 55, 61 regulatory issues, 15, 22, 31, 56-57 sustainability, 183-184 see also Integrated Environmental and Economic Satellite Accounts; Nonmarket accounts Savings, 22, 28, 30 Scorekeeping, 27-28, 39, 40, 119 defined, 119 foreign countries, 53 Sectoral factors, general air quality as sector, 8 cost-benefit analysis by sector, 33, 157 ENRAP, 42, 43 IEESA, 3 NIPA, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 42, 43 sustainability, 186-187, 194 see also specific sectors SEEA, see System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting SERIEE, see European System for the Collection of Information on the Environment Smog, see Photochemical air pollution SNA, see System of National Accounts Social factors, 11, 25, 54, 180, 188, 191, 193 mineral resources, 5, 103 quality of life, 15, 28, 36, 47, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194, 219 see also Health as a resource; Human capital Soils,6, 61,118, 148, 165,167, 198, 201 acid precipitation, 40, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148 see also Agriculture Standard of living, 15, 28, 36, 185, 186, 187, 193, 194 Standards data collection/classification, 51, 84, 163164, 173 see also Air quality standards; Emission standards; Regulatory issues 249 State government and state-level factors, 29 mineral resources, 5 see also Regional factors Subsoil assets, see also Minerals and mining Sulfur dioxide, 143, 144, 145 see also Acid precipitation survey of current Business, 16 Sustainability and sustainable development, 2, 26-27, 28, 35-37, 44, 57, 155, 162, 183-195 defined, 15, 28, 36, 183, 221 flow measures, 186, 190 mineral resources, 5, 91, 92, 101, 102, 104-105 NDP, 36-37, 189, 190, 192-193, 195 NIPA, 187, 188, 189, 195 replacement costs, 49, 68-69, 76, 79, 89, 91 satellite accounts, 183-184 see also Quality of life Sweden, 98-99 System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting, 48, 49-50, 81, 112, 154, 163-165, 221 System of National Accounts, 21, 47-50, 58, 80, 221 T Taxation, 22, 155 ecological, 51 indirect, 12 mineral resources, 67-68, 78, 90, 98, 99 Technological change, 37, 186, 191, 194, 195 defined, 221 mineral extraction, 63 pollution abatement, impact on, 111 Timber resources, 3, 6, 7, 16, 17, 23, 30, 31, 34, 37-38, 39, 42, 44, 50, 106, 112, 118, 132-133, 134-135, 137-138, 141, 168, 169, 174, 176-177, 199, 203 production costs, 26, 134-135, 137, 139, 176, 203, 204, 205 regional factors, 139, 205 stumpage value, 31, 139, 156, 171, 204, 221 wood fuel, 133, 135 Trade, international, see Foreign trade Transaction prices, 47 mineral resources, 60, 66-68, 69, 76, 77, 79,84,86,87,90

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From page 250...

... 250 Transport of pollutants, see Pollutant transport Travel-cost valuation, 7, 124, 126-127, 150, 165, 177, 222 U United Kingdom, 52, 98, 99 United Nations, 38, 154 core accounts, 21, 49 System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting, 48, 49-50, 81, 112, 154, 163-165, 221 System of National Accounts, 21, 47-50, 58,80,221 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, 222 United Nations Environment Program, 222 Utility, 82, 162, 189, 222 defined, 222 V Valuation of natural assets, 3, 26, 38, 4445, 4647, 123-131, 154, 163-167 contingent valuation, 7, 38, 125-128, 131, 166, 209 defined, 222 energy resources, 59-60, 71, 76, 78, 81, 82, 84,96 forests, 39, 112, 132-141, 156, 167-168, 176-178, 202-206 hedonic modeling and pricing, 7, 118 119, 124-125, 126-127, 150, 165-166, 214-215 mineral resources, 61, 64, 65-105, 167, 168 equations, 71, 72-73, 75, 77, 101 INDEX net present value, 44, 45, 140, 217 mineral resources, 69-70, 74-75, 76, 88, 95,99 private vs public goods, 7, 128-129, 134, 150 recommendations, 7, 102-103, 150 recreation resources, 112, 167-168 travel-cost valuation, 7, 124, 126-127, 222, 150, 165, 222 see also Depreciation and depletion; Discounting of natural assets; Market forces; Price factors; Revaluation effects W Water quality standards, 29, 223 Water resources and pollution, 8, 20, 32, 126-127, 156-157, 178-180, 197, 199200, 223 acid precipitation, 40, 113, 116, 119, 121, 122, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148 foreign countries, 52 forested watersheds, 133, 135 human exposure, 151 IEESA, 3, 16, 55, 112, 160, 169, 171-172 pollution abatement, 46 wetlands, 113, 118, 123, 197, 198, 200 Western Europe, see Europe Wetlands, 113, 118, 123, 197, 198, 200 Wildlife, 177, 198, 200 air quality, 144-145 forests, 39, 132, 134, 135 see also Biodiversity; Fisheries Willingness to pay, see Contingent valuation World Bank, 43, 140 World Resources Institute, 43

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Index Pages 239-250

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Pages 239-250