Capitalizing on Investments in Science and Technology (1999) / Chapter Skim
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2 The Capitalizing Process
2 The Capitalizing Process
Pages 10-33
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Research during the early 1960s by Paul Baran and others developing the concept of packet switching, a key enabling technology for the Internet, was aimed at making communications secure in case of a nuclear attack.
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1974: Robert Kahn ant} Vinton Cerf publish paper specifying TCP/IP protocol for data networks. 1981: NSF provides seer} money for CSNET (Computer Science NETwork)
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. In the case of monoclonal antibodies, research breakthroughs during the 1970s led directly to the development oftests that enable the United States and other countries to eliminate the risk of transmitting AIDS through blood transfusions (see Appendix A)
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Some radical research breakthroughs lead to quick capitalization by existing companies and industries; a number of significant advances in catalysis were capitalized upon quickly. Other radical innovations prompt new companies to emerge; this was the case with monoclonal antibodies.
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Figures 2-1 through 2-4 show the longer-term trends in public and private support. The federal component of research funding, because of its size and stability, is essential for several reasons: it can support complex laboratory facilities unavailable anywhere else, it can sustain long-term research that leads to technologies unimagined when the research was initiated, it educates the nation's scientists and engineers, it helps universities to maintain free access to knowledge, and it can pay for infrastructure and instrumentation technologies essential to research.
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. Note: Industry figures before and after 1991 may not be directly comparable due to changes in the survey.
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. Note: Industry figures before and after 1991 may not be directly comparable due to changes in the survey.
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Note: Industry figures before and after 1991 may not be directly comparable due to changes in the survey. Source: National Science Foundation, http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/natpat97/start.htm, Table 7.
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Similarly, in catalysis, large chemical and petrochemical companies in the United States and Europe produced many of the major advances in their own labs or funded the work at universities (see Appendix A)
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The importance of research diversity is illustrated in a four-year study by Stanford Research Institute to analyze the driving forces behind crucial technologies. The first three technologies studied by SRI appear to have developed by Alone example is Japan, where in fiscal 1996 the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture, the Science and Technology Agency, and the Ministry of International Trade and Industry accounted for over 80 percent of government science and technology spending.
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In the case of MINI, crucial forces were basic science research on nuclear magnetic spectroscopy and educational support for graduate students. In the case of the Internet, the key forces were sustained government funding, flexible university research, and visionary leadership (Stanford Research Institute, 1997~.
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Students may become so involved in a specific research project that little time is left to gain a broad appreciation of their field or gain skills and experience needed for nonacademic career paths. i3Because they help to create and sustain excitement and interest in particular fields, federal research funding decisions carry importance beyond the actual dollar amounts.
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Graduating students who possess such skills are powerful agents of technology transfer as they establish their own academic careers, join industry or the federal government, or start new companies. Whereas the research environment is essential to graduate students, it is also important to undergraduate education.
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The value to industry of federally funded university research is even greater than previously suspected. A survey by Carnegie-Mellon University concluded: "The conventional view holds that the short-term impact of university research on industrial R&D is negligible except in a few industries.
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In response, Mark Kryder, a professor at Carnegie-Mellon University, gained industry support for a collaborative research center. The DSSC was designated an ERC in 1990 and it has continued to contribute to maintaining U.S.
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Others believe that ATP, SBIR, and other programs that fund companies can play a positive role if the possible economic impacts of proposed work are considered carefully, and the results evaluated Jaffe, 1996~. THE CAPITALIZING ENVIRONMENT Contrarv to common assumption, capitalizing on research is neither costless nor automatic.
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The act was a response to the belief that Japanese consortia of competing firms hell} a competitive advantage over U.S. firms.
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An open culture facilitates access to ideas, people, and capital, even among competing firms. In the broader business culture, the ability to revitalize companies that have stagnated or have been chal lenged by global competition helps to maintain productivity and agility.
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$3 billion to $4 billion invested annually by about 500 professional venture capital funds in about 3,000 companies)
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companies also have capitalized on research breakthroughs and even products developed elsewhere, such as MRI, monoclonal antibodies, and the jet engine. Although the United States has been very effective in taking research to the The Capitalizing Process 29
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In the early 1990s, profits and market share languished and Chrysler had no competitive entries in the small-car market, which was dominated by Japanese companies, and in other important segments. Chrysler increased the introduction of new models and changed its process of product development to achieve quicker timelines and greater efficiency.
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This appears to hinder the application of research on cognition and learning in education. · Lack of flexible human resources and a weak environment for launching science- and technology-based companies: In several instances, the United States has been able to capitalize on research breakthroughs achieved elsewhere, particularly in the biotechnology and biomedical areas.
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Do national investments in a global knowledge base make sense? One of the key insights underlying the economic study of scientific and technological advances is that private firms tend to invest less in research than is optimal for society as a whole.
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Recently, Japan, Korea, and other countries that have enjoyed success in capitalizing on foreign technology in the past have moved to establish basic research institutes and to strengthen advanced science and engineering education. This may reflect a realization that efficiencies in manufacturing and marketing are not in themselves sufficient for effective capitalization at the leading edge of science and technology tsee Department of Commerce (1997~.
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