Capitalizing on Investments in Science and Technology (1999) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Examples of Capitalization in Fields of Research and Application
Appendix A: Examples of Capitalization in Fields of Research and Application
Pages 59-101
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From page 61... ...
The working group was only able to cover a limited number of fields and did not attempt a comprehensive assessment of capitalization across all fields in every country. Through experimentation, the working group found that the examination of well-defined subfields and specific applications (e.g., speech recognition and monoclonal antibodies)
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From page 62... ...
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From page 63... ...
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From page 64... ...
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From page 67... ...
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From page 68... ...
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From page 69... ...
The discovery of MAb technology has been a boon to research and public health, although at various times, expectations have been higher than what could be delivered in the short term. MAb/hybridoma research and applications, both past history and current trends, illustrate a number of the strengths and issues for the United States and its ability to capitalize on research leadership, particularly in biotechnology and biomedical fields.
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From page 70... ...
Since polyclonal antibodies already were being used for diagnostics, utilizing MAb as a superior technology for in vitro diagnostics was fairly obvious, and was the first commercial application ofthe technology. Relative to polyclonal antibodies, tests utilizing MAb are more accurate and cost-effective.
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From page 71... ...
Perhaps one reason is the potential market for biotechnology products, particularly therapeutics that attack serious diseases. Several companies developed MAb therapies to treat septic shock during the late 1980s and early 1990s, raising sufficient funding through venture capital, public offerings, and other mechanisms to support the costs of development.
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From page 72... ...
SPEECH RECOGNITION The development of computers that can recognize human speech has been pursued in the United States by the computer science research community, computer and telecommunications companies, and government funding agencies since the 1960s. Speech recognition would hold obvious advantages over keyboards and other input mechanisms in advanced applications of information technology, and persistent efforts have gone into research over many years.
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From page 73... ...
AT&T Labs, Bell Laboratories, IBM, and other industrial labs have conducted research on speech recognition for many years. Basic research on speech recognition, along with artificial intelligence and other advanced information technologies, has received government support by the intelligence community and by Department of Defense (DoD)
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From page 74... ...
Experts consulted by COSEPUP generally rated the United States as at least among the leaders in speech recognition research. European and Japanese efforts are well funded and evaluated quite highly.
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From page 75... ...
Basic research advances and the accumulation of generic knowledge can have a major impact on the performance of future commercial speech recognition systems. For example, a better understanding of speech production and perception, including how to model these processes, is an important target (Alwan, 1996~.
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From page 76... ...
There are two types of piezoelectric materials: singlecrystal materials and polycrystalline ceramics. The focus of this discussion is on piezoelectric ceramics and ceramic composites.
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From page 77... ...
The United States has a strong research base in advanced materials but there is no advanced materials industry as such. In the emerging high-volume, industrial, and consumer applications of piezoelectric ceramics, Japan and perhaps other countries have advantages relative to those of the United States that may allow them to capitalize more quickly and effectively.
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From page 78... ...
As differences in height along the surface of the wafer are detected, stacks of actuators adjust the shape of the polishing arm and the rate of polishing accordingly. These stack actuators use either piezoelectric ceramics or an older technology known as .
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From page 79... ...
Human resource and research funding issues Workshop participants identified human resource and research funding issues as key determinants of U.S. ability to capitalize on its superior research base in piezoelectric ceramics in the future.
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From page 80... ...
5This section is based primarily on the presentations of Michael Butler and John Woodward at the COSEPUP Workshop on Piezoelectric Ceramics and Optical Sensing, Washington, D.C., May 23, 1996. 80 Capitalizing on Investments in Science and Technology
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From page 81... ...
Although optical sensing is a small and fragmented business today, experts at the COSEPUP workshop expressed the view that, as costs come down, optical sensors will replace other technologies in a wide range of applications in the future. Research and applications leadership There are three major research communities in optical sensing: the United Examples of Capitalization in Fields of Research and Application 81
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From page 82... ...
The experts agreed that work in Japan is more oriented toward applications than is work in Europe or the United States. The United States leads in research in several areas driven by government interest in specific applications.
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From page 83... ...
Besides DoD-funded work, one of the important pathways for capitalizing on optical sensing research is by small companies, often working with university researchers. The workshop participants mentioned several times that the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)
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From page 84... ...
Chemical sensors are a particular area of focus for optical sensing research, even outside the MEMS area. For example, periodic gratings are being developed to see the absorption characteristics of molecules.
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From page 85... ...
Interestingly enough, this stress on the importance of fundamental research was coupled with doubts about whether the United States really does benefit differentially from its research leadership in optical sensing. Because this is a field in which insights from various scientific fields need to be combined, there is an inherent tendency to look outside the organization to the wider research community.
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From page 86... ...
Because of the growing demand for environmentally benign processes, and the research advances of the past decade that have allowed the development of zeolites that can catalyze a broad spectrum of reactions, zeolites are well positioned for wider application. A few examples were discussed that illustrate this promise.
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From page 87... ...
There are now at least five commercial processes using zeolites to produce cumene that have emerged in the past few years, including a process introduced by Dow Chemical in 1992, which are running very well and are reducing the environmental problems. It is inherently challenging to replace traditional stoichiometric processes with zeolite catalysis for making pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, because of the complexity of the molecules that are being synthesized.
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From page 88... ...
focused programs in recent years was in the area of catalysis, including transition-metal single-site catalysts. Other metal and metal oxide catalysts In metal and metal oxide catalysis, 80 percent of the reactions are heterogeneous, many were discovered by accident, and many are not well understood 88 Capitalizing on Investments in Science and Technology
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From page 89... ...
The group consisted of seven academic and five industry researchers; five chemical engineers, and seven chemists. The sense of the respondents is that the United States enjoys research leadership today and is effective, particularly in the charac terization of new catalysts.
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From page 90... ...
capability to maintain research leadership and capitalize on that leadership. However.
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From page 91... ...
Basic oxygen steel process Developed in Austria in the early 1950s, the basic oxygen process uses pure oxygen rather than air to convert molten iron into steel.6 It allows higher productivity and the utilization of a wider range of raw materials than earlier processes. During the 1950s, Japanese engineers did not have as many resources to stay abreast of global technological developments through travel and technical journals as did Western engineers.
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From page 92... ...
More rapid adoption of the basic oxygen process than that by U.S. and European steel companies was a factor contributing to the success of the Japanese steel industry over the next several decades.
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From page 93... ...
At the same time that RCA was developing its flat television prototype, the electronic calculator industry was growing rapidly, enabled by developments in microelectronics. American and Japanese companies were at the forefront of this industry, and extensive business and technological ties developed.
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From page 94... ...
· · · · ~ appear to be end offing slgmilcant success. In the LCD case, as in basic oxygen steel and NC machinery, Japanese companies displayed adeptness in incorporating new component technologies in a variety of products, enabling the emergence of larger mass markets.
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From page 95... ...
Researchers in the United States and abroad began developing applications for fuzzy logic. In 1973, at Queen Mary College/ London University, Ebrahim Mamdani and Sedrak Assilian applied fuzzy logic to the control system of a small steam engine.
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From page 96... ...
U.S. firms, such as Otis Elevator and Motorola, that are active in the Japanese market and eager to respond to their Japanese customers' interest in fuzzy logic, are most advanced.
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From page 97... ...
Auction theory IS an application ot game theory that was first developed for single-item auctions. William Vickrey received a Nobel Memorial Prize for critical analysis in this area.
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From page 98... ...
as well as the relatively new interdisciplinary field of cognitive science. Education is seen as a particularly promising area of application, given the content of the research and the pressing educational problems facing the United States, particularly in early care and learning during the preschool and early elementary school years.
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From page 99... ...
Experts consulted by the panel believe that new approaches informed by research could significantly improve science and mathematics education in the early grades. In general, approaches informed by research on cognition and learning focus on developing a deep understanding of basic concepts that corrects the naive understanding of children by guiding them through a carefully structured process of discovery.
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From page 100... ...
Thus, to move from controlled laboratory applications to particular educational settings is a major step that often requires focused research. Even where research provides clear and unambiguous direction for applications work, developing and testing concrete approaches for the classroom can be an arduous process.
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From page 101... ...
Some of the difficulties encountered in applying research on cognition and learning to the classroom are similar to those encountered in other interdisciplinary fields examined by the panel, such as bioinformatics. These barriers include the lack of dedicated funding sources and institutional structures.
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