Pesticides and Groundwater Quality Issues and Problems in Four States (1986) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
3 Wisconsin
3 Wisconsin
Pages 58-80
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 58... ...
Pr for to 1980, no incidents of groundwater con~=mination caused by agricultural pesticides had been reported in the state. In 1980, after the discovery of aldicarb in groundwater in Suffolk County, New York, Union Carbide, working jointly with the EPA and several states including Wisconsin, collected samples to assess whether aldicarb residues were present in groundwater.
|
From page 59... ...
Although many of the soil and vadose zone characteristics of Wisconsin's Central Sands area are similar to those of Suffolk County, there is one important difference. Wisconsin's soils and groundwater are generally not as acidic as those of Long Island and on the average tend to be neutral or slightly acidic.
|
From page 60... ...
Aldicarb As a result of sampling conducted after the discovery of aldicarb in the groundwater of Suffolk County, New York, Union Carbide detected aldicarb in Wisconsin's groundwater in 1980. Extensive well sampling for aldicarb began in the spring of 1981 and has continued quarterly in a cooperative program between the Wisconsin DNR and Union Carbide.
|
From page 61... ...
Consequently, the pE of the groundwater in the Central Sands region varies from 5.0 to 8.5. As mentioned before, pE is a critical variable in determining the persistence of aldicarb in groundwater, and studies by the WIS WRC show that aldicarb residues tend to be encountered more often where the soil and groundwater pE are low.
|
From page 62... ...
The purpose of the aldicarb rule is to minimize the quantity of total Aldicarb reaching groundwater and to prevent aldicarb levels in groundwater from exceeding 10 p p , the level the state has set as its advisory. In addition to the label rests ictions, the rule requires prospective aldicarb users to file a report of intended use with the DATCP at least 30 days before the date of use.
|
From page 63... ...
Delineation of a moratorium area is based on a completed groundwater analysis received by the DATCP no earlier than March 1 of the year immediately preceding the year of intended application. In certain cases, sites within the moratorium areas can be exempted from the prohibition-for example, if the DATCP determines that the intended application site is not in the same recharge areas as the sample point with aldicarb concentrations exceeding the health standard.
|
From page 64... ...
a qloj.ll`2 ~ ~ ,'7 ~s''6ltsil4~3 ~ ~ _~2l122~23 _ 25 30 29 ~1 2712G 25 3~ At _~—'35 ~ ~~Al~on~ Portage FIGURE 3-1 Example of moratorium area in Portage County. SOURCE: Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection.
|
From page 65... ...
Field sampling is carried out by DNR personnel from all six DNR district offices throughout the state, although the bulk of the sampling has occurred in the Central Sands region. Analytic support is provided by Union Carbide, which runs approximately 600 water samples (plus quality assurance samples)
|
From page 66... ...
66 0 ~ _1 V as o C E~ 6 Q C)
|
From page 67... ...
Animal carcinogen Suspected animal carcinogen and leach High toxicity, leach, and high detection Suspected animal carcinogen and high use High detection, toxicity, use, and leach Unknown ADI, high leach, potential increased use Low detection, variety of use High toxicity, low use Animal carcinogen, leach, use Bigh use, leacb, unknown toxicity Bigh toxicity, detection, and use Animal carcinogen, high leach, detection in other states Animal carcinogen and leach Medium toxicity, var iety of uses, breakdown of concern Bigh toxicity and leach Bigh toxicity, leach, and use High toxicity, leach, and use Bigh toxicity, leach, and use Suspected animal carcinogen High use, low ADI Medium toxicity and use, high leach Low use but potential for increase Low toxicity Low use (sample selectively where use known) Variety of uses and high toxicity High toxicity, increasing use (because of efficacy problems, withdrawn from Wisconsin market)
|
From page 68... ...
Remarks No ADI for teratogenicity reasons, lack of information Low detection, high use Medium use, low detection and toxicity Detection, leach, low toxicity and use Low toxicity and leach Low use and toxicity Bigh use, low leach and toxicity Significant use on some crops Low leach, medium toxicity Dow toxicity NOTE: Category 1 high priority chemicals are the first 22. SOURCE: HA Framework for Assessing Pesticide Impacts on Wisconsin Ground Water,.
|
From page 70... ...
but at the same time believed that the sampling effort to characterize nonpoint sources had not yet generated enough reliable and useful data to ascertain the full scope of the problem. The official believes DNR may be overrelying on the low percentage of detections found to date from a less than rigorous sampling program and therefore too quickly concluding that groundwater contamination caused by normal field uses of pesticides is not a serious problem.
|
From page 71... ...
m e bill requires each regulatory agency to identify substances that either have already been detected in groundwater or are likely to reach groundwater as a result of activities the agency regulates. Groundwater protection standards for those substances ale then to be established on a two-tiered basis: ~enforcement standards n and "preventive action limits..
|
From page 72... ...
This statewide sampling program would evaluate problems caused by a wide range of pollutants including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) , aldicarb, or other pesticides.
|
From page 73... ...
Revenue sources include annual license surcharges of 32,000 for primary pesticide manufacturers plus an annual S2,000 research fee paid to the DATCP, and an increase in annual license fees for formulators from SlOO to S200 for those formulators with a single pesticide and to 3400 for those manufacturing or labeling more than one compound. The revenues generated by these license increases and earmarked for the groundwater activities of the state were approximately $300,000 in 1984.
|
From page 74... ...
is developing extension programs and materials on groundwater in conjunction with the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, the DATCP, and the DNR. The extension materials are designed to educate farmers and the general public about the nature and occurrence of groundwater, groundwater flow , relationships between land use and well water quality, irrigation scheduling and its relationship to the movement of pesticides and fertilizers, and livestock waste management.
|
From page 75... ...
A secondary purpose of the proposed program will be to Develop an information-sharing network to facilitate the exchange of educational material and programs developed through the pilot program, and by other states, so that Cooperative Extension Service nationally can effectively use research-based educational materials and programs to respond to individual and public groundwater educational needs in a tamely and effective manner. A significant thrust of this program will be the development of and documentation for computer models that can be used to illustrate the physical nature of groundwater movement and the potential for contamination of groundwater.
|
From page 76... ...
Input data required to run WISP include rainfall, irrigation, ET, and allowable depletion. For the pas t few years, growers in the Central Sands region have been able to calculate allowable depletion using a hand-held calculator version of WISP.
|
From page 77... ...
This program, which focuses on groundwater as a resource, has important implications for the assessment of possible contamination by pesticides. Maps with a 1:100,000 scale identify areas of highest contamination potential, direction of groundwater movement, potential aquifer yields, and depth to the water table and bedrock The GNHS groundwater resource evaluation program is patterned after similar surveys that have been carried out for years by the Illinois Water Survey, a branch of that state's geologic survey.
|
From page 78... ...
For example, areas in the Southwest may have a vadose zone hundreds of feet thick compared to that of the Central Sands region of Wisconsin, where the unsaturated material is only 5 to 50 feet thick. AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AVAILABLE TO MITIGATE PESTICIDE/GROD~DWATER QUALITY PROBLEMS Potato Integrated Pest Management Program The potato is a major vegetable crop in Wisconsin, where 60,000 to 70,000 acres are planted annually.
|
From page 79... ...
Thus, IPM has helped to diminish the threat of groundwater contamination. Best Management Practices IPM focuses on managing pests by scouting; the development of additional best management practices specifically designed to mitigate groundwater contamination by agricultural chemicals is a critical need felt within the Wisconsin Extension Service.
|
From page 80... ...
Before sending spray rigs into Me field, growers should conscientiously determine the proper size of nozzle tip, spray width per nozzle, flow rate from the nozzle, and consistency of flow rate from the nozzle.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.