National Survey Data on Food Consumption Uses and Recommendations (1984) / Chapter Skim
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3 National Health and Nurtrition Examination Surveys
3 National Health and Nurtrition Examination Surveys
Pages 31-44
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From page 31... ...
NHANES II, conducted between 1976 and 1980, extended the age range to include infants 6 months to 1 year old. Currently, the NCHS is conducting the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982-1984)
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From page 32... ...
At any time during the survey period, two mobile examination centers were operating (in different locations ~ while a third was being relocated. These mobile centers provided a controlled, standardized environment for the clinical examinations and tests.
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From page 33... ...
These adjustments brought the sum of the final sample weights into close alignment with the sex, age, and race estimates of the Bureau of the Census at the midpoint of NHANES Il. DATA COLLECTION METHODS The five ma jar components of NHANES II were a household questionnaire, a -medical-history questionnaire, dietary questionnaires, a physical examination by a physician, and special clinical procedures and tests, including x rays and tests on samples of blood and urine .
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From page 34... ...
Blood samples that yielded abnormal readings for complete blood count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, or mean corpuscular volume were tested further for red-cell folate, serum folate, serum ferritin, and serum vitamin B12 to be compared with an equal number of blood samples with normal hematologic values. DIE TARY COMPONENT The dietary component of the survey consisted of a recall of dietary intake for the preceding 24 hours, usual food consumption for the preceding three months, and questions about the use of diets, particular medications, and vitamin and mineral supplements.
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From page 35... ...
All interviews were conducted by dietary interviewers who had at least a bachelor's degree in home economics. Before the survey began, the interviewers were trained both in interview techniques and in coding of the food items identified in the 24-hour dietary recall.
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From page 36... ...
To detect errors and unusual resul ts from a particular location or from a particular dietary interviewer, the NHANES headquarters staff reviewed the "ranges" of nutrient intake for each res pondent . DATA PROCESSING Preparation of data and reports of the NHANES II findings involved several steps.
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From page 37... ...
The relationships of specific heart-disease morbidity to such risk factors as blood pressure, serum cholesterol concentration, body-mass index, smoking habits, drinking habits, blood lead concentration, and dietary habits will also be examined. These results and other analyses will permit DHHS to measure its degree of success in meeting its nutrition objectivesl2.
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From page 38... ...
Gaps in nutrition knowledge may be filled, only in part, through the analysis of NCHS survey data and method transfer. To improve the interpretation of NCHS survey data, research is needed on: the functional consequences of malnutrition and minimal requirements for nutrients; behavioral, cultural, and genetic determinants of group differences in nutrition status; the health implications of very-lowcalorie and extremely-low-calorie diets; nutrient toxicity; early nutritionrelated indicators of degenerative diseases; pathophysiologic consequences of nonnutritive substances; biologic significance of trace minerals; relationships between nutrition and immune system response; relationships between nutrition and physical and cognitive performance; and relationships between maternal nutritional status and birth outcome.
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From page 39... ...
Some of the issues to be settled are whether it is feasible to include, as primary sampling units in NHANES III, the primary sampling units in the DHHS Health Interview Survey or the NFCS; how automation in data processing can improve speed, cut costs, and decrease errors; and whether NHANES III can use the same data base on the composition of foods as is used in NFCS. It is conceivable that the dietary interview will be automated in NHANES III.
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From page 40... ...
The other main uses are the determination of food consumption patterns and nutrient intake of subpopulations of the United States by such characteristics as age, race, sex, and education and the development and evaluation of other surveys or studies through use of NHANES survey methods and data. Uses of NHANES dietary data can be categorized according to their purposes of use, e.g., to formulate or change programs or policies, to increase basic knowledge through research, and to develop educational material and transfer information.
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From page 41... ...
A western university has used food consumption pattern data in its research on living arrangements and dietary patterns of the elderly. An information service has used dietary data to disseminate information on nutrient and food consumption habits of children and the elderly to clients.
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From page 42... ...
University researchers have used NHANES data to study the association between nutrient intake and medical histories. In a collaborative project with NCHS, the Food and Drug Administration uses NHANES data to determine the prevalence of osteoporosis, the population groups at risk, and the possible need for calcium fortification in the food supply.
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From page 43... ...
A private research firm has used food-frequency questionnaires to collect data on food consumption patterns of the elderly and compared the results with NHANES data. USDA has used the dietary component instruments and data to collect and evaluate information from school nutrition and Women, Infants and Children's (WIC)
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From page 44... ...
Data collection included sociodemographic information, a medical history, a physical examination by a physician, a dietary interview, and anthropometry. Clinical procedures and tests undertaken by NHANES II included x rays and numerous tests on samples of blood and urine.
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