Using Oil Spill Dispersants on the Sea (1989) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
7 Conclusions and Recommendations
7 Conclusions and Recommendations
Pages 254-264
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From page 254... ...
Supporting text is cross-referenced in parentheses following each conclusion. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS Use of chemical dispersants can be an effective spin response and control method, especially to minimize environmental damage, but the application technique is critical to the success of dispersant use.
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From page 255... ...
Prior approval to fileld-test a d;tspersant immediately after a spill, to establish dispersability when it is in doubt, should be included in contingency plans. The principal biological benefits or objectives of chemically dispersing oil effectively are to: · prevent stranding of of} in intertidal zones (pp.
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From page 256... ...
The spreading and distribution of oil on the water surface depends on complex surface circulation patterns as well as properties of the oil, wind and sea conditions, and distribution and thickness of the origin spin (pp.
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From page 257... ...
These analyses will advance understanding about the concentration of oils in the water column under various dispersion conditions; and scientific research concerning the mechanisms by which droplets of dispersant contact an oilfiIm, mix and penetrate into it, how their surfactants interact with the oft and migrate to the oil-water interface, and the microscopic processes by which emulsions actually form.
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From page 258... ...
160-164~. RECOMMENDATIONS: Biological research and toxicity screening in the laboratory should use exposure conditions more closely reflecting dispersant use and probable dilution in the water column.
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From page 259... ...
126-128~. Based on laboratory studies, acute lethal toxicity of chemically dispersed oils resides not in the dispersant but primarily in the oil droplets (for some species)
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From page 260... ...
studies of baodegradation rates of dispersed oils and hydrocarbon components should be undertaken, together with studies of criticalfactors controlling ~oiodegraclation in the field. ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS Exposure of communities of organisms and their habitats to oil, dispersant, and dispersed of} depends on many factors, including (pp.
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From page 261... ...
However, such effects, if they occur, would be difficult to detect and measure effectively because of the mobility of most fish and many invertebrates, the natural variability of their populations, and the effects of overfishing on stocks. RECOMMENDATIONS: Additional ecological studies uncler controlled or established water circulation in shallow en.
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From page 262... ...
Concern about the effects of dispersants on birds and marine mammals centers on a question of the extent of exposure rather than on enhanced toxicity of the oil. RECOMMENDATIONS: I,aboratory studies should be undertaken using realistic exposure conditions (e.g., initial concentration of dispersed oil of 10 to 20 ppm, decreasing with time)
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From page 263... ...
222-224~. Dispersant droplet size produced by aerial spray systems can be controlled only within limits determined by nozzle design and the effects of air currents produced by aircraft motion.
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From page 264... ...
More accurate monitoring and documentation of dispersant effectiveness, on spills of various sizes and under environmental conditions covered by contingency plans, are encouraged. Detailed contingency planning for the use of dispersants should include: past experience in applying dispersants and evaluating their effectiveness; hazard evaluation for sensitive species, populations, communities, and habitats; familiarity with available dlispersant chemicals; training and practice in decision making; and training of observers to monitor daspersant application and results.
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