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Using Oil Spill Dispersants on the Sea (1989) / Chapter Skim
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Index
Pages 327-335

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From page 327...
... Index A Acute toxic exposure, 82, 97-117, 255, 257 Advection, 41, 42-46, 50 in models, 44, 46, 63, 65, 67-69 Aerial techniques and aircraft, 2-3, 60 calibration, 229 design of application system, 224-226, 228-229, 234, 236, 242-243 droplet behavior, 60, 217 field studies, 169-175 history, 23 large spins, 13, 263 spotter craft, 238, 240, 242, 263 spray systems, 216, 217, 233-234 waterborne vet, 19, 228, 231 Aesthetics, 6-8, 21 Airborne DispersazIt Delivery System, 225-226 Aircraft, see Aerial techniques and aircraft Air jets, 15-16 Alaska, 249-250, 251, 252-253 Algae lab studies, 130-131 mesocosm and field studies, 183, 187-188, 204-205, 207 red algae, toxic reaction, 214 327 ABuanes, 36, 73,158 American Petroleum Institute, 22, 38, 73, 168-173, 219, 245, 248, 252 Amoco Cadiz, 38 Application strategies, 25-26, 264 connnuand and control, 237-238 spersAnt types, 220-221, 309-316; see also BP dispersants; Corexit dispersants; Finasol dispersants dosage controls, 221-222, 228-229 droplet size, 216-220 spray systems, 215-229 see also Equipment; Treatment methods (non-chemical) Arabian Gulf, Casbah 6 blowout, 23, 37, 320 Arctic Marine Oilspill Program, 23 Arctic zone, see Polar regions Argo Merchant, 152, 236 Aromaticity, 53, 73, 116 Asph~tenes, 53-54 B Baffin Island Oil Spill Project (BIOS)
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From page 328...
... Coastal zones, 4 aesthetic and ecological damage, 7, 27 beach tests for dispersant toxicity, 96 economic damage, 7-9 littoral and sublittoral habitats, 22, 146, 167 mechanical cleanup methods, shorelines, 16-17, 18, 20 recreation resources, 7-8, 18, 20 sat marshes, 4, 196-197, 214 subtidal and intertidal habitats, 4, 27, 160, 167, 19~-208, 214, 241, 255, 261 Coast Guard skimmers and barriers, 16d statistics on spill sources, 10, 12, 14 Connnuand and control, 237-238 Computer science decision tree (EPA) , 245, 246, 250, 252-253 real time, 63, 176 Continental Shelf Institute (Norway)
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From page 329...
... 12, 13, 14-17, lS, 127, 24? , 254-255 Iced hang, 233 ~6 an, 21~22O, 22~224, 236, Ago ~- 2= revote saga, 37, 45, 166, 176, 1~-185, 2~234, 263, 264 bath, 43 = ~ brew, 16 say system, 215-219 t~lokt -ns~g, 37, 18~185, 223 ho Amp tam Ice; Sags ad boas Europe, 22
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From page 330...
... , 74-75, 77 Protecmar study, 173-175, 179 Frick's Law, 39, 46 INDEX G Gulf of Mexico Ixtoc I, 2, 10, 16, 24, 39-41, 44, 57, 320 seagrasses, 202 Gulf Stream, 43 H Halifax trials, 38 Halten Bank experiment, 45 Casbah 6, 23, 37, 320 Health hazards, spray crews, 9, 247 Helicopters, 216, 226, 242-243 History of dispersant use, 21-23, 31-34 Houghton, 21 Hovercraft, 226-228 Hubbs Marine Research Institute, 163-164 Hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) , 29-30, 31-32, 35, 72, 74, 97, 118 Hydrofoils, 226-228 Hydrologic particulates, see Suspended particulate matter I Ichthyoplankton, 134-135, 136-137 Infrared sensing, 37, 184-185, 232-233 Institut Francaise du Petrol, see French Institute of Petroleum (IFP)
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From page 331...
... , 36 Long Cove, 4, 186, 197, 198-199 M Maclcay-Nadeau-Steelman (MNS) test, 70, 71, 72, 75-76, 79 Maine, 4 Main Pass Block 41, 2, 37, 237, 317-318 Malaysia, 207 Mangroves, 4, 206-208, 214, 261 Marine Ecosystem Research Laboratory, 187-188 Marine mammals, 3, 5, 27, 160, 163-164, 261-262 Marine organisms subtidal and intertidal habitats, 4, 27, 160, 167, 193-209, 214, 241, 255, 261 toxicity effects, laboratory studies, 129-155, 186-206 see also individual classes and species Mathematical models, see Models Mechanical cleanup, 8, 247, 254-255 booms, 15, 19, 20, 223, 227, 236 methods and limitations, 12, 13, 14-16 of shorelines, 16-17, 18 skimmers, 16, 242 toxicity effects, chemical cleanup vet, 127 Mesocosm studies, 20 331 biodegradation, 157-158, 187-188 toxicity, 166-168, 193-195, 209-213 Meteorology, see Weather factors Microbial degradation, see Biodegradation Microorganisms, 187-188 Microwave sensing, 233 Models advection, 44, 46, 63, 65, 68-69 decision-making schemata, 244-253 Dispersion of Oil on Sea Simulation, 6069 droplet formation, 63, 67 oil fate and dispersion, 63~9 real time, 63, 176 slick herding, 57-58 slick resurfacing, 65, 68, 69 slick spreading, 38-39 toxicity, 145, 162 validation, 69, 70 weathering, 48, 64 Mollusks, 131, 134, 146-147, 148 Mousse processes, 243, 256 dispersion, 51, 53-54, 57 formation, 40 41, 49-50, laboratory tests, 77, 78, 80 in models, 63 N Naphthenic acids, 53 National Contingency Plan, 234, 309-313 National Contingency Product Schedule, 34, 309-313 Netherlands, 23, 233 North Sea, 16, 179 Norway, 23, 35, 37, 75, 179, 230, 233 Nozzle flow, 217-220, 22~224, 236, 263 air and water jets, 15-16 o Ocean circulation and dispersion processes, 2, 4107, 239, 256, 260 laboratory studies, 5 see also Advection; Currents; Slick dynamics, Turbulence; Wave processes (marine)
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From page 332...
... traviolet sensing, 37,184-185,223 United Kingdom, 22,23,83,86, 96, 174, 196, 233 United Nations Environmental Programme, 83,84 University of Rhode Island, 187-188 University of Toronto, 66 Urquiloa, 130 V Vascular plants, 130-131,214 Videotapes, 231-232,263 Viscosity laboratory experiments, 72,174-175 oil dispersion effects, 3,25,38,54-56, 180-182,217,220,240 solvents and, 34 temperature effects, 59 of various oils, 53 Volatile hydrocarbons, 220 evaporative loss from slicks, 9, 25, 47-49,167 W War, 10 Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL) , 175-176,223, 228 Labofina test, 52, 56-57, 71, 74, 75-76 Water jets, 15-16 Wave processes "marine)
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From page 333...
... INDEX Saudi Arabia, Casbah 6 spill, 23,37, 320 Seabirds, see Birds Seagrasses, 4,195-196, 201-204, 214 Sediments, see Benthos and sediments; Particulates Sequim Bay, 200 Shake-Hask tests, 70, 74, 79 Shallow-water environments, 22, 255, 261-262 see also Subtidal and intertidal habitats Shellfish, 8, 194-195, 199, 214 Ships and boats, 2-3, 222-224, 228-229 hovercraft and hydrofoils, 226-228 oil spill sources, 9-11 skimmers, 16, 242 spray systems, 23, 50, 216, 242, 243, 263 tankers, 9-11, 38 see also Mechanical cleanup Shorelines, see Coastal zones Skimmers, 16, 242 Slick dyn~nics, 57-59 advection, 41, 42-46, 65 chemical properties of oil, 51-53 dispersed slick oil concentration, 60-61 droplet factors, 5, 28, 42,50, 51, 56, 58-59, 65, 71, 72, 217, 220 evaporative processes, 9, 17, 47-49, 61, 63, 77, 78, 167 field tests, 168-186 herding, 57-58 laboratory tests, 70-79 mechanical cleanup and, 15 mesocosm tests, 166-168 spreading, 38-41, 42 subsurface processes, 43, 47, 60-61 tar bans, 20-21, 46 thickness, 28, 36-38, 65, 67, 72, 75, 77, 78, 216, 221-222, 230, 240, 256 turbulence, 28, 41, 46-47 Solvents fate in aqueous environment, 36 hydrocarbon-based, 56 in surfactants, 34 toxicity, 97 Sources of spills, 9-11, 244 see also Oil spills, specific Spray systems, 215-229 aerial, 216, 217, 233-234 333 boat-mounted, 23, 50, 216, 242, 243, 263 crews, toxic hazards, 9, 247 wave processes and, 25,238 Standards effectiveness, 166 inte~nationa1 guidelines, 22, 258 testing oils and dispersants, 73-74, 84 toxicity testing, 27, 83, 87-9S, 116, 258 Stoke's Law, 67 Sublethal toxic exposures, 3, 7, 116, 117, 118,143, 162,195, 257-258 by chemical type, 12 0121 Subtidal and intertidal habitats, 4, 27, 160, 167,193-209,214, 241, 255, 261 Surface and interface dynamics, 40, 220 critical micelle concentration, 31 laboratory studies, 70 surfactant orientation, 33, 50-51 see also Droplets; Slick dynamics Suspended particulate matter, see Particulates Sweden, 23, 233 T Tankers, 9-11, 38 Tar bans, 20-21, 46 Temperate zones field tests, 175-179,186 Subtidal and intertidal habitats, 4, 193-200 Temperature effects, 25, 34, 35, 56, 59, 73, 240 evaporative processes, 9, 17, 47-49, 61, 63, 77, 78, 167 fire as cleanup method, 17 in models, 67, 68 toxicity, 116-117, 257 Tetradecane, 73 Tidal waters, see Subtidal and intertidal habitats Time factors, 54-57, 240, 247, 255 dispersed oil concentration, 6~61, 71 laboratory tests, 75, 76, 114 see also Weathering Torrey Canyon Spill, 2, 7,21, 22, 23, 317-318 Toxicity acute exposure, 82, 97-117, 255, 257
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From page 335...
... ~ ~ 6~ sag Sacs, 2S, 42, 243 Slug ~d, 25, 238 tag teats, 7 Ma am, 2 I, at, I, aim ma, lo Clod, 14, 16, 19, 48, 51, as, fig, 224, age age -~= ~~, ~1 ~~ bo PI ma; Beam am; ~~ z atbedug, 1~, 173, 2 evaporative, 4~9, 61 in Soda, at, ~ t~l~ty ~d, 128, 13O, 146 v~co~ty of ~1 ~d, 3, 54-55 ~1~ Fatly, 67 ~H Aims, 39 see ~~, OH In, spedAc Item, see Sat =~~st G_, 194 gad ~~ clam, 19, 224, 229, 236 aspen ~xt~e e~tl~ss, 51 e~oratlve loss of Ohs, 48 _ ~ 14, 16 am, a, 69 sag patted exacts, 224 W11~, 5 see ~~o B1^; awe as; v~ Bash z _, ~L 1~, 18~
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Key Terms

  • mechanical cleanup
  • laboratory tests
  • laboratory studies
  • treatment methods
  • critical micelle

  • mesocosm studies
  • temperature effects
  • micelle concentration
  • oil spills
  • spill sources

  • coastal zones
  • specific organisms
  • oil spill
  • slick dynamics
  • wave processes

  • cleanup method
  • cleanup methods
  • particulate matter
  • suspended particulate
  • pollution experiment

  • ecosystem pollution
  • interface dynamics
  • controlled ecosystem
  • viscosity laboratory
  • oil dispersion

  • american petroleum
  • contingency planning
  • pass block
  • decision tree
  • recreation resources


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