Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Evaluation of Sources and Effects (1983) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
APPENDIX D: PUBLIC DECISION-MAKING WITH RESPECT TO ATMOSPHERIC PAH SOURCES AND EMISSIONS, BY LAWRENCE J. WHITE
APPENDIX D: PUBLIC DECISION-MAKING WITH RESPECT TO ATMOSPHERIC PAH SOURCES AND EMISSIONS, BY LAWRENCE J. WHITE
Pages 449-474
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 449... ...
Linearity is assumed in most models. The information in Chapter 1 shows that in 1979 the amount of BaP emitted into the atmosphere from urban road motor vehicles was suf f ic lent to cause an urban commuter to inhale a calculated dose of up to 20.1 ng of BaP in the course of 24 h.
|
From page 450... ...
Thus, it is assumed that a reduction of 1 ton of BaP emissions per year from motor vehicles is likely to reduce average urban BaP ambient concentrations by 0.1 ng/m3 for that same year. Next, this change in BaP concentration should be converted to an equivalent mortality risk.
|
From page 451... ...
But information for choosing the most likely values is not available ; and, as noted , carrying the range throughout leads to an uncertainty range of a factor of 25 downward from the estimate of a societal value of $225 million per ton of BaP removed. Thus, at the other end of the range, those who prefer to be less conservative could use a value as low as $9 million per ton of BaP removed.
|
From page 452... ...
and diesel cars, trucks, and buses constitute the major sources of PAH emission from road motor vehicles. An additional category of "problem" vehicles would include cars and light-duty trucks of the 1975 and later model years that have emission control systems that are no longer functioning properly.
|
From page 453... ...
The societal value, from the perspective of PAR emissions, of this change to the production and sale of only unleaded gasoline can be calculated. The effect on HC (and hence PAH)
|
From page 454... ...
Also given in Chapter 1 are estimates of BaP emissions of 13 Mimi and 54 ~ g/mi for light-duty and heavy-duty diesel vehicles, respectively, and they are used initially here.
|
From page 455... ...
The societal value of the reduction in PAH emission alone would offset only a modest fraction of the cost of control. As to heavy-duty diesel trucks, in late 1980 EPA proposed a set of regulations that would have reduced particulate emissions from heavy-duty diesels built in 1986 and later to one-third the emissions from unregulated vehicles.39 EPA has taken no further action to make these rules final, and, because they too required trap-oxidizers, it appears likely that they will be modified.
|
From page 456... ...
, although also promising smaller benefits, would be societally worthwhile on the basis of PAH emissions alone. In this respect, this appendix can echo the recommendation of the recent NRC study of light-duty diesels: "Regulate particulate exhaust from such large sources of emissions in road transport as heavy diesel trucks and buses ; this may be more cost-effective than tightening the emission levels of diesel cars and light trucks."29 The substitution of No.
|
From page 457... ...
~ If we assume that emissions from a wood stove in an urban area have about the same effects on ambient BaP concentration as do vehicle emi ssions, -we can use the valuation method to indicate that the complete elimination of these emissions would have a societal value of $3 ,080 per year . Thus, it appears that the benefits from the control of PAR emissions from wood-burning stoves, especially in urban areas, are quite large.
|
From page 458... ...
And a program to require (or induce) manufacturers of new wood stoves to incorporate changes in design or technology that would reduce PAR emissions appears to have great societal benefits and relatively small societal costs.
|
From page 459... ...
If this occurred in urban areas and the emissions had a dispersion pattern similar to that of motor-vehicle emissions, the risk-valuation method would indicate that the complete el imination of these emissions would be worth $26-125. It appears that municipal incinerators have BaP emissions rates 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than industrial-commercial incineration rates.l5 Thus, the use of municipal incineration would mean the virtual elimination of the BaP emission.
|
From page 460... ...
EPA estimates the cost at $46 million/yr. The ratio of BaP emissions to BSO emissions appears to range from 1:500 for wet-coal charging to 1:133 for battery stacks.15 This yields a range of 1.
|
From page 461... ...
Emissions and Efficiency Performance of Industrial Coal Stoker Fired Boilers. Inorganic Trace Elements and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emiss ions.
|
From page 462... ...
Characterization of Particulate and Gaseous Emiss ions from Two Diesel Automobiles as Functions of Fuel and Driving Cycle. SAE Technical Paper 790424.
|
From page 463... ...
Wolcott. Air Quality Analysis for the Revised Gaseous Emiss ion Regulations for 1984 and Later Model Year Light Duty Trucks and Heavy Duty Engines.
|
From page 464... ...
J The Regulation of Air Pollutant Emissions from Motor Vehicles.
|
From page 465... ...
Characterization of Particulate and Gaseous Emiss ions from Two Diesel Automobiles as Functions of Fuel and Driving Cycle. SAE Technical Paper 790424.
|
From page 466... ...
Wolcott. Air Quality Analysis for the Revised Gaseous Emiss ion Regulations for 1984 and Later Model Year Light Duty Trucks and Heavy Duty Engines.
|
From page 467... ...
J The Regulation of Air Pollutant Emissions from Motor Vehicles.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.