Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s Maintaining Competitiveness in the Age of Materials (1989) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
6. Resources for Research in Materials Science and Engineering
6. Resources for Research in Materials Science and Engineering
Pages 162-185
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 162... ...
The scale of the organizational structure for materials science and engineering research ranges from individual researchers through small organized groups that carry out basic research programs to large compartmented research efforts in development and manufacturing. The equipment usedincluding lasers, electron microscopes, molecular beam epitaxy systems, high-field magnets, neutron beam reactors, and synchrotron light sourcesvaries greatly in size, cost, and complexity of operation, but the fundamental 162
|
From page 163... ...
and synchrotron light sources, are used, as in structural characterization studies, the experiments are small-scale, and the individual experiments usually involve only one or two researchers. Research efforts at these facilities are large only in the sense that many experiments can be carried out at one time.
|
From page 164... ...
This survey and a follow-up study for FY1982 were carried out for COMAT by DOI and included all activities that could be broadly defined as related to the entire materials cycle, including minerals location, refining, and beneficiation, and all forms of waste disposal (including, for example, the extensive programs in the Environmental Protection Agency, which involve primarily analytical chemistry)
|
From page 165... ...
Of the FY1980 federal materials R&D budget, 32 percent was spent to improve energy supplies, 23 percent to improve national security, 16 percent to improve the science and technology base, and 5 percent to improve industrial productivity; 23 percent of the work was performed in-house, 30 percent in
|
From page 166... ...
Not unexpectedly, when the appropriate federal R&D deflator is applied to the data in Table 6.1, they show a 21 percent decrease in effective level of effort during the 11-year period surveyed. When the increased commitment by DOE and NSF to the support of major facilities for materials science and engineering research is incorporated into the analysis, it comes as no surprise that workers in this field have experienced a dramatic reduction in their
|
From page 167... ...
New, not reprogrammed, funding for high-temperature superconductivity is clearly called for. Second, our international industrial competitors have all identified materials science and engineering, computer and information technology, and biotechnology as priority technologies and have initiated and funded major national R&D efforts to support the development of commercially successful enterprises in these areas.
|
From page 168... ...
The projected funding for FY 1988 for MSD was $ 169 million. Since FY 1984, funding both for universities and for major facilities has increased within the division, whereas support for research in the DOE laboratories has decreased.
|
From page 169... ...
. ceramic matrix composites Metals, metal matrix composites, welding Micromechanics and macromechanics, fracture mechanics aMaterials properties, loads and environments, characterization, nondestructive evaluation.
|
From page 170... ...
They also maintain balance among various funding modes—individual investigator projects, interdisciplinary groups of various sizes, centers for materials research, and national facilities. In addition, the divisions provide support for instrumentation.
|
From page 171... ...
Industry therefore performs about threequarters of the R&D done in the United States. Many of the difficulties encountered in estimating federal support for materials science and engineering also arise in considering industrial funding of materials research and materials-related projects.
|
From page 172... ...
Survey results were extrapolated using industry-wide data for total R&D published annually in Business Week magazine; data were analyzed and compared on a categoryby-category basis with federal expenditures for materials science and engineering R&D. Not all industrial R&D was readily assignable to categories, and, consequently, totals differed significantly when summed by different categorizations; however, in general the COMAT survey revealed that the industrial expenditures for R&D were more than 4 times those of the federal government.
|
From page 173... ...
First and foremost is the fact that industrial research on materials science and engineering represents a much larger fraction of the total industrial R&D effort (19 percent of an estimated total of $19 billion) than is represented by federally funded research (5 percent of an estimated total of $21 billion)
|
From page 174... ...
An example of the kind of equipment that can be found at such centers is depicted in Figure 6.1, which shows a molecular beam epitaxy system used for preparation of mercury-cadmium-telluride artificially structured materials. In addition, there are major national facilities, such as synchrotron radiation and pulsed neutron sources, that are funded at levels of many millions of dollars often over $100 million.
|
From page 175... ...
(Courtesy Varian Corporation.) cally, groups in different sectors have different goals: research in industry is more oriented toward products and services, in federal laboratories toward particular missions, and in universities toward fundamental understanding.
|
From page 176... ...
To a large extent, these centers were built around major facilities for example, nuclear reactors, accelerators, and synchrotron light sources. With them have come major efforts in materials science and engineering to use these facilities for fundamental research and for the development of materials for defense systems, civilian power reactors, and energy systems of many different types.
|
From page 177... ...
Eighth, individual grants and contracts with federal agencies continued; most well-established principal investigators received the majority of their support from some other agency and might enjoy help from the program only in the central facilities or the building space (R. Sproull, Advancing Materials Research, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1987, p.
|
From page 178... ...
The centers are formed around specific technological areas, and their titles indicate the specificity of the objective of each center: Systems Research, Intelligent Manufacturing Systems, Robotic Systems in Microelectronics, Composites Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Telecommunications Research, Biotechnology Process Engineering, Advanced Combustion, Engineering Design, Compound Semiconductor Microelectronics, Advanced Technology for Large Structural Systems, and Net Shape Manufacturing. It is planned that several additional centers will be formed in subsequent years.
|
From page 179... ...
The visiting scientist program includes a unique industrial research associate program in which industry sends personnel at its own cost to work collaboratively on joint projects with researchers at the institute, for periods ranging from a few weeks to more than a year. An estimated 20 percent of NIST operating funds comes from industrial sources, mostly via contributions of equipment or the paid time of industrial research associates.
|
From page 180... ...
A result will be an increasing demand for use of major facilities. All of the major national facilities now in operation are open to users.
|
From page 181... ...
This committee concurs with the earlier prioritization of major national facilities, and it notes with approval that construction of several of them has recently been started. Current plans call for the construction of the 6-GeV synchrotron radiation facility at Argonne National Laboratory, with the lowerenergy machine being built at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
|
From page 182... ...
(Courtesy Brookhaven National Laboratory.)
|
From page 183... ...
These advanced capabilities for microstructural and nanostructural research and evaluation will provide important fundamental information directly related to the processing, behavior, and reliability of advanced materials. FINDINGS Many in the materials field believe deeply that the United States has a critical need for wholly different types of major national facilities, that the country needs facilities that concentrate directly on problems of industrial importance in ways that can help U.S.
|
From page 184... ...
The committee, therefore, recommends substantially increased expenditures on facilities for synthesis and processing research in universities and other laboratories—for use by individual investigators and small groups of investigators. It also recommends establishment of major national centers for synthesis and processing, involving universities, industry, and government.
|
From page 185... ...
185 have an advanced inst~mentabon component (e.~., synchrotron light sources far semiconductor processing)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.