Drinking Water and Health, Volume 9 Selected Issues in Risk Assessment (1989) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix A: Drinking Water Contaminant Candidates for Development of Baseline Data on Formation of DNA Adducts
Appendix A: Drinking Water Contaminant Candidates for Development of Baseline Data on Formation of DNA Adducts
Pages 61-78
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From page 61... ...
Trichlorfon probably forms DNA adducts. On the basis of current evidence, diallate, sulfallate, the two chioropropanes, and chloropropene can be considered possible inducers of DNA adducts.
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From page 62... ...
Acrylamide is clastogenic in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells (Moore et al., l987~. It is known to induce dominant lethal mutations in male rodents, and induced translocations in postmeiotic germ cells of mice in a recent study (Shelby et al., 19871.
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From page 63... ...
Other Health Effects Acrylamide has been reported to cause neuropathy in humans that leads to progressive symmetric distal sensory abnormalities and motor weakness. Also stated to occur were slurred speech; unsteady gait; memory loss; irrational behavior; visual, tactile, and auditory hallucinations; skin sensitization; cold blue hands; muscle weakness; paresthesia; and numbness of hands or feet.
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From page 64... ...
Other Health Effects Repeated oral BaP administration in mice resulted in hypoplastic anemia. Its acute toxicity is low.
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From page 65... ...
Formation of DNA Adducts Cr(III) binds to free nucleotides and to nucleic acids at nucleophilic sites (such as the unesterified oxygen of phosphate groups and the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of nitrogen bases)
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From page 66... ...
Carcinogenicity DBCP induced a high incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the forestomach and toxic nephropathy in male and female rats and mice and a high incidence of mammary adenocarcinoma in female rats. An upper 95% confidence estimate of lifetime risk for human males drinking 1 liter of water per day containing DBCP at 1 ,ug/liter is 9.9 x 10-6 (NRC, 1986~.
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From page 67... ...
Carcinogenicity EDB produces squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the forestomach, liver cancer, and hemangiosarcoma in rats and nasal cavity carcinoma, alveolar carcinoma, bronchiolar carcinoma, hemangiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, malignant mammary neoplasm, and skin papilloma in mice (NRC, 1986~. Other Health Elects Humans exposed to EDB have an acute dermal reaction that consists of painful local inflammation, swelling, and blistering.
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From page 68... ...
It appears to be a direct-acting mutagen in some bacteria and to bind to DNA. A CONTAMINANT THAT PROBABLY FORMS DNA ADDUCTS TrichIorfon O H 11 1 CH3-O-P-C-CC13 O On CH3 Trichlorfon has been used as a chemotherapeutic agent for schistosomiasis and as an insecticide.
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From page 69... ...
Mammary tumors of three types were seen in laboratory animals (NRC, 19861. Other Health Effects Trichlorfon inhibits serum and red blood cell cholinesterases in humans.
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From page 70... ...
Mutagenic activity depended on metabolic activation by hepatic microsomes (NRC, 19861. Carcinogenicity Diallate produced systemic reticulum cell sarcomas in male mice and hepatomas in both sexes of mice (NRC, 19861.
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From page 71... ...
On the basis of these studies, and assuming consumption of 1 liter of water per day containing sulfallate at 1 ,ug/liter, the lifetime cancer risk estimated for humans is 1.0 x 10-6, and the upper 95~o confidence estimate of lifetime cancer risk is 1.6 x 10-6 (NRC, 19861. Other Health Effects Rats fed sulfallate at 250 ppm for 6 months developed eye irntation, tubular nephropathy, and hyperkeratosis of the forestomach (NRC, 19861.
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From page 72... ...
Formation of DNA Adducts Evidence of DNA-adduct formation is inconclusive. Mutagenicity 1,2-pop had equivocal results when tested for mutagenicity in the Ames Salmonella test, but was shown to induce sister-chromatic exchanges at 1 mg/ml and chromosomal aberrations at a similar concentration in cultured lymphocytes.
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From page 73... ...
That suggests that increased cell turnover can account for the carcinogenic activity of DEHP. Assuming daily consumption of 1 liter of water containing the compound at a concentration of 1 mg/liter, the estimated human lifetime cancer risk is 1.2 x 10-7 (NRC, 19861.
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From page 74... ...
Tissue Distribution Arsenic occurs mainly in the liver, kidneys, spleen, intestinal wall, and lungs (NRC, 1977~. Formation of DNA Adducts No evidence of DNA-adduct formation has been found.
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From page 75... ...
Mutagenicity No data are available Carcinogenicity In rats fed nitrofen, metastatic and invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreas developed. In mice, an increased incidence of hepatocellular carcinomas was observed.
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From page 76... ...
It has been detected in a variety of wildlife and in fish at 0.35-26 mg/kg of body weight. There has been widespread human exposure to this compound.
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From page 77... ...
Mutagenicity In the mouse spot test, weak mutagenic activity was observed. Pentachlorophenol was mutagenic in yeast assay, and chromosomal abnormalities were observed in Vicia faba seedlings, but no increases in chromosomal aberrations were observed in workers with increased concentrations of pentachlorophenol in serum and urine (NRC, 19861.
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From page 78... ...
1980. Dominant lethal mutation induced in male rats by 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)
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