Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology (1989) / Chapter Skim
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22. Biologic Markers of Exposure during Pregnancy: Pharmacokinetic Assessments
22. Biologic Markers of Exposure during Pregnancy: Pharmacokinetic Assessments
Pages 247-252
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From page 247... ...
Metabolite profiles and measurements of tissue content, chemical half - life in various tissues and blood, and total excretion can be used to determine therapeutic efficacy or to indicate toxic response. At issue are what measurements should be made, what media or tissues should be used, 247 and what techniques can best determine the expression or potential expression of toxic action.
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From page 248... ...
TABLE 221 Tissues and Fluids Available Dunng Pregnancy for Laboratory Assessments Fetal tissue analysis at delivery Placenta Cord blood Fetal blood Amniotic fluid gas Hair Adipose tissue Unne Feces Maternal tissue and fluid analysis throughout gestation Blood Urine Feces Adipose tissue Air Hair Mild En do m et riu m First-trimester fetal tissues and Buids Chonon~c villi (less than 10 weeks) Amniotic fluid and cells TOXICI7YDURING PREGNANCY ASSESSMENTS FOR PHARMACOKINETIC ANALYSES Initial considerations for pharmacokinetic analysis include the analytic technique involved, its sensitivity, and standardization of quality-assurance protocols associated with it.
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From page 249... ...
Of the compounds evaluated most frequently, heavy metals and anticonvulsants have provided the most information on exposure. Observations made during human pregnancy usually reflect chronic exposure throughout pregnancy, and tissue, maternal blood, and fluid concentrations reflect exposure, rather than response.
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From page 250... ...
The incidence of fetal phenytoin syndrome might be low because the genetic makeup of many conceptuses contains the alleles of the less active monoxygenases. A case reported woman who had two consecutive pregnancies during which she maintained phenytoin therapy, but bore only one child with phenytoin syndrome indicated that identical exposures can affect fetuses differently (Won" et al., 1 985a)
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From page 251... ...
Recent studies measuring of DNA-adduct patterns in human placenta and animal tissue indicate that pattern of DNA adducts can be a basis for separating chemicals. Thus, the compounds or their reactive metabolites that directly alter cellular constituents might be identifiable (Everson et al., 1987~.
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