Engineering Research and Technology Development on the Space Station (1996) / Chapter Skim
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APPENDIX B: ASSESSING BENEFITS TO THE U.S. ECONOMY FROM ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
APPENDIX B: ASSESSING BENEFITS TO THE U.S. ECONOMY FROM ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ON THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION
Pages 72-74
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From page 72... ...
competitiveness that have been used by other federal agencies and, using one or more of these, perform a preliminary assessment of the potential benefits to U.S. competitiveness of engineering research that might be conducted on a space station." Five principal approaches have been used to assess the benefits of R&D to the economy (Austin, 1993; Hertzfeld, 1992; Tratjenberg, 19904: adapting macroeconomic production function models to estimate the impacts of technological change attributed to R&D spending on GNP and other measures evaluating returns from specific technologies to the economy through the use of demand and supply curve analyses of consumer and producer surplus · examining survey data that provide evidence of direct transfers of technology to the private sector · using patent data to infer the value of R&D investment, the extent of R&D diffusion, the diffusion of technology to other nations, and other metrics · tracking changes in the stock market value of firms that are granted patents or government funding However, approaches such as these have typically been unable to measure returns from past investments accurately or to forecast future returns on incremental investments (Hertzfeld, 1992; OTA, 1986~.
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From page 73... ...
Air Force in which 10 full-time researchers examined industry/government cooperative R&D and joint technology development programs determined that conventional metrics used by government to quantify the results usually "ignore output, distort the success and failure of cooperative technology programs, and serve as a flawed incentive, driving quantity (the total number of agreements) over quality" (Dougherty and Irish, 1995~.
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From page 74... ...
Presentation to National Research Council Committee on the Use of the International Space Station for Engineering Research and Technology Development. Washington, D.C.
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