A Data Foundation For The National Spatial Data Infrastructure (1995) / Chapter Skim
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3 FROM FOUNDATION TO FRAMEWORK
3 FROM FOUNDATION TO FRAMEWORK
Pages 24-40
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Many public policy decisions as well as daily operations and other applications of government rely on spatial data. All spatial data users can identify data themes that are critical to their applications.
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Going back to the building construction metaphor, although foundation construction would be similar, the specific framework might differ markedly between a house or a factory or an office building, even though they probably have · · · · · · · sunllarltles In engmeerlng design. Just as there might be frameworks that diner by type of analysis, the framework data requirements also could: differ by geographic regions.
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IDENTIFYING FRAMEWORK DATA A commonly held view about spatial data has emerged among a large and diverse group of spatial data users in federal, state, and local governments as well as in private enterprises. This views states that the productivity and effectiveness of their organizations will be significantly enhanced if their access to spatial data is improved.
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These subcommittees are tasked by Executive Order 12906 to formulate plans for the development of content standards (e.g., definitions, conventions) for their respective data themes.
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To meet them, some data themes will need increased production activities, additional research, and integration with the foundation. The MSC suggests the following minimum specifications for framework data and their integration with the foundation: I
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2. Framework data must include metadata descriptions.
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4. Framework data must be available in an accepted, openly publicized, standard data exchange format.
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Discussion of these three data themes follows. Transportation The transportation data network transcends the utility of a common map because it is a base for defining, organizing, and accessing places (and their associated information)
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SCSD provide a good example of a framework spatial data theme by virtue of their extensive current use in facility site selection, census operations, socioeconomic planning studies, legislative redistricting, and logistical operations management. Present and near-term developments in personal computers and consumer electronics may expand SCSD use to virtually all citizens in trip planning, route guidance, and electronic atlas applications.
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However, TIGER files lack accurate coordinates registered to the foundation, complete street addressing, and an ongoing maintenance program. The TIGER files could be integrated with the foundation by the following actions: .
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For this reason, integration of the transportation data theme should precede or accompany integration of the boundary theme. This sequence will reduce error and increase efficiency, thus reducing costs.
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Hydrologic data provide a wealth of information that support a variety of uses-for example, prevention of flood damage, allocation of surface water (including dated agricultural, riparian, and other water rights) , sources of nonpoint pollution, minimum stream flows, wetlands preservation, urban water requirements, and recreational interests.
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All spatial data users can identify additional data themes that are critical to their own applications. From a national perspective these closely correspond to the data themes of the FGDC subcommittees.
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These include supporting Native American land tenure, managing land resources on federal holdings (both surface and subsurface) , acquiring property for specific projects, regulating real estate financing,
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Natural Resources A variety of data themes describe natural resource features, which are vital to land management, environmental management and protection, and economic development of public and private lands. All of these data themes (e.g., geology, water, ecosystem distribution, soils, wetlands)
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Geologic data have well-established values as a basic frame work for the management of numerous natural resources, including groundwater, mineral resources, energy resources, and, to a certain extent, soils and related biological resources. Geologic maps are the ilmdamenul source for creating many other kinds of map data, such as landslide hazard maps, earthquake hazards maps, aquifer maps, groundwater vulnerability maps, mineral resource maps, and, in combination with other data sources, soil maps.
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3 . A discussion of SCSD and their use within the urban infrastructure is also given in a previous MSC report, Toward a Coordinated Spatial Data Infrastructure for the Nation (1993)
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