Effects of Double-Hull Requirements on Oil Spill Prevention Interim Report (1996) / Chapter Skim
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
Pages 3-13
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From page 3... ...
OPA 90 addressed a number of areas of concern, including oil pollution liability and compensation, spill response planning, and international oil pollution prevention and removal. Other preventive measures addressed are alcohol and drug abuse, licensing and registry, manning standards, vessel traffic services, the periodic gauging of the plating thickness of commercial vessels, overall and tank monitoring devices, pilotage, and the establishment of double-hull requirements for tank vessels.
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From page 4... ...
In addition to the construction and operational impacts of OPA 90, the tanker industry was forced to reevaluate the manner in which it carries oil, in light of the strict liability provisions for oil spills and the increased costs of operation in case of accidental oil spills. These increased costs come at a time when both the market 2Although Section 4115 of the act is entitled "establishing double hull requirements for tank vessels," it also establishes requirements for developing interim measures for the single-hull fleet until all these vessels have been phased out under the mandates of the section.
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From page 5... ...
for tankers and oil shipping rates are emerging from a depressed period when income was often insufficient to cover the costs of operation and capital investment. Section 4115 of OPA 90 adds to the economic variables of the maritime oil transportation industry by mandating changes in the configuration of vessels the industry uses to transport oil.
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From page 6... ...
Second, other parts of OPA 90, such as increased liability provisions and the potentially high cost of oil spills, have combined to force internal changes in the way vessel owners and operators run their vessels to lessen the risk of vessel casualties. Changes in the international regulatory environment, enhanced surveys, the increased vetting of vessels by charterers, and increasing port state control activities are also affecting the safety of ships carrying oil.
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From page 8... ...
The IMO regulation specifies that other designs may be accepted as alterna~ves to double hulls, provided they give at least the same level of protection gainst oil pollution in the event of collision or grounding and they are approved, principle, by the MEPC, based on guidelines developed by the IMO. The Sidelines employ a probabilistic methodology for calculating oil outflow and a pollution prevention index" to assess the equivalency of alternative designs.
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From page 9... ...
Upon reaching 30 years of age, all tankers must convert to double hulls. The United States has reserved its position on the 13G loading and structural provisions applicable to existing single-hull tank vessels and, at the writing of this report, the U.S.
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From page 10... ...
Because the OPA 90 provisions concerning single-hull tank vessels under consideration in this report have not yet been implemented, and double-hull requirements have only recently been incorporated in new construction, consideration of these inspection and survey developments may elucidate the changes in spill patterns since the passage of OPA 90. Port State Effects on Ship Safety Port state control efforts have increased substantially in the past few years.
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From page 11... ...
Because of a concern that substandard vessels are still operating and that a growing number of vessel owners are registering ships in nations that do not meet their flag-state obligations, the IMO, regional organizations, and individual nations have taken action to increase port state control. In 1994 more than 40,000 port state control inspections were conducted in Europe, Scandinavia, Canada, Australia, South America, and the United States.
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From page 12... ...
(Saint-Malo) Official language Centro de informacion Asia-Pacific del acuerdo latinamerico Computerized (CLALA)
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From page 13... ...
waters from tank vessel casualties? Have the provisions of Section 4115 of the act had an effect on the economic condition of the maritime oil transportation industry operating in U.S.
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