Poland's Transition to a Market Economy Prospects for Energy Efficiency and Conservation (1994) / Chapter Skim
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PART IV: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
PART IV: ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BUILDINGS
Pages 117-150
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From page 119... ...
District Heating System in Upper Silesia ... I Number of cities 1 42 | Number of heated flats | 520,000 Total heated area 25.7 million square meters.
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From page 120... ...
IndividuaIly heated homes The total volume of flats heated by means of coal furnaces and other individual heat sources in the Upper Silesia Region is estimated to be 253.5 million m3. The flats are located in old (usually 50-80 years old and sometimes more)
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From page 121... ...
RESTRUCTURING THE MANAGEMENT OF CENTRAL DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS. Development prospects To make the introduction of modern management systems for energy production and distribution possible, two conditions must be satisfied: a thermal energy balance sheet must be established, and optimal control of the heat distribution must be provided.
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From page 122... ...
The second stage will include installing automatic control units, regulating the temperature of the heated medium and circulating warm water parameters, and minimizing thermal energy production and heat distribution costs. The information provided by the instrumentation installed at the first stage will provide the data for an actual energy balance sheet for the city, being a starting point for: · determination of maximum required heating plant capacity, and .
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From page 123... ...
MODIFICATIONS TO BUILDINGS WITH INDIVII) UAL HEAT SOURCES We estimate the total thermal power required in Upper Silesia by dwellings that are heated by inclividual coal furnaces and manually fed stoves is 6338 MW, corresponding to 2.5 million tons of coal and coke burned annually.
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From page 124... ...
The modernization of heating systems in flats heated by individual heat sources is costly mainly because of the greatly distributed investments required. We estimate the following costs (per ~ square meter of heated area)
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From page 125... ...
. Immediate actions leading to energy savings involve decreasing the manufacturing costs of energy-saving equipment and creating new jobs, the latter being particularly important because of the unemployment being created in Upper Silesia by restructuring in the mining and metallurgical industries.
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From page 127... ...
2. ELECTRICITY SAVINGS THROUGH IMPROVED CONTROL OF VENTILATION FANS Improved control of ventilation systems can provide enhanced service, often in the form of thermal comfort or health of building occupants; recluced energy consumption of ventilation system fans; or both.
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From page 128... ...
of the fan motor. Annual energy savings for motor-speed control relative to use of central dampers located at the fan inlet have been measured by Englander and Norford (1992)
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From page 129... ...
maintainability of the technology as well as careful review of the specific application, estimation of energy savings, and postinstallation measurements. The electrical power drawn by a fan or pump motor is the power transferred to the working fluid, scaled upward by the efficiency of the pump or fan to yield shaft power, and further increased by the efficiencies of the drive train and the motor.
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From page 130... ...
Presently, a paucity of experimental evidence is available to quantify the benefits of what is increasingly recognized as an attractive control strategy. Data taken in two campus office and laboratory buildings show that, relative to fixed pressure control of a ventilation system using adjustable-speed motor drives, savings were about 40% over a three-month winter period.
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From page 131... ...
3. MONITORING ENERGY SAVINGS Electricity generators are subject to constant and detailed monitoring to ensure proper equipment performance and measure output.
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From page 132... ...
While such lifetimes place less weight on purchase decisions than would be the case for heating systems or building insulation, they still argue for prudence in purchasing decisions and some consideration of electrical power requirements. Power drawn by any one piece of equipment is relatively trivial; in aggregate, power needs can tax building electrical wiring, overheat confined spaces, and stress electric utility generation and transmission capabilities.
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From page 133... ...
Smart purchase decisions involve, at the very least, an effort to obtain power data, either from manufacturers or independent sources. Because such data are usually unreported in published equipment reviews, an informal, recently formed international coalition of electric utilities, government agencies, and energy conservation experts has established a goal to identify energy-eff~ciency features and publicize equipment incorporating these features as a first step toward creating market pull for efficient products.
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From page 134... ...
This paper has described three areas of encI-use energy research that are directed toward achieving energy savings at costs lower than supply. Enhanced control of ventilation systems can be achieved in two steps, involving adjustablespeecl motor drives and careful adjustment of duct pressure.
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From page 135... ...
than increased energy supply must prove their mettle in the marketplace, the flow of new ideas, their potential, ant! the need for efficiency all continue unabated.
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From page 136... ...
1990. Ventilation Control for Energy Conservation: Digitally Controlled Terminal Boxes and Variable Speed Drives.
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From page 137... ...
Fan energy consumption is reduced by controlling the supply and return fans with an adjustablespeed motor drive in lieu of a large damper and carefully controlling the pressure set point to reduce pressure drops across the dampers associated with individual thermostats. Exhaust Air '''1 Recirculated Air Coolina Coil Fresh Air Filler Return Fan Supply Fan Terminal Boxes _` I_~ Heating coil ~ (perimeter zone)
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From page 138... ...
Fan static pressures can be converted to Pascal with a factor of 250 and flows to meters3/sec with a factor of 0.47. Fan shaft power for a given airflow depends strongly on the static pressure set point, here shown as ~ inch water gauge pressure (250 Pascal)
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From page 139... ...
pressure control must regulate pressure at the maximum value shown at hour 14, to ensure adequate airflow. At times when a lower pressure was adequate, controlling at the higher value causes energy to be unnecessarily clissipated across partially closed dampers.
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From page 140... ...
The substantial savings in electricity add to savings due to installing an acljustable-speed motor drive on the fan motor and in fact are only possible when the motor-drive has replacer! large central dampers and when digital controls permit communication between the fan controller and the dampers that throttle airflow to indiviclual building areas.
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From page 141... ...
Actual Power Requirements 800 ,00 y co 600 a) 500 400 100 · Desktop PC's, average 0 Desktop PC's, peak · Laptop PC's, average O Laptop PC's, peak Impact/lnk~et printers, average I mpact/i Skeet printers, pe a k ~ Laser Printers, average V 'user Printers, peak .
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From page 142... ...
secondary system of heat recovery by ducted forced air ,~ PLG orfiber distribution network a_ illumination beam f ~ heat beam it ,..,...,.
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From page 143... ...
The strategy being used in the ACT2 project is to demonstrate the maximum energy savings economically achievable by designing and installing optimized, integrated packages of energy-saving measures in a cross section of residential ant! commercial buildings, as well as in industrial and agricultural sites, in PO&E's service territory.
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From page 144... ...
Projections of energy savings of this magnitude have been verified only in part, usually based on individual EEM performance. Scientifically defensible field tests of packages of these advanced technologies, integrated for maximum energy efficiency, have not yet been conducted.
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From page 145... ...
The ACT2 mission is to provide scientific field test information on the maximum energy savings possible, at or below projected competitive costs, by using modern high-eff~ciency end-use technologies in integrated packages acceptable to the customer. The strategy is to demonstrate these packages in selected customer facilities, both existing and new.
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From page 146... ...
A pilot demonstration allows us to put technologies in the field early under tightly controlled conditions, thereby improving the likelihood that follow-on demonstrations would be properly designed, installed, operated, maintained, and monitored. Pilot Demonstration Building The pilot demonstration began in 1990 in an existing office building in San Ramon, California.
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From page 147... ...
Four of the five firms created designs that saved more than 70% of the gas and electric energy consumption in the building. The design process varied somewhat across firms, and their different approaches yielded large energy savings.
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From page 148... ...
constraints were carefully defined, produce an energy-eff~cient design that maximizes energy savings. However, at the outset, designers must begin their investigations with a list of technologies that may fit the economic criteria.
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From page 149... ...
We are currently considering whether to expand the project to another ten to twenty sites in a second phase to provide a better cross section of site types. To that end, 3 5 site types from more than a hundred in the residential, commercial, agricultural, and industrial sectors have been identified and prioritized.
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