Poland's Transition to a Market Economy Prospects for Energy Efficiency and Conservation (1994) / Chapter Skim
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PART V: ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
PART V: ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Pages 151-184
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From page 153... ...
Comparing electric energy consumption to the primary energy consumption ratio in both Poland and Sweden, which is respectively 783 kWh/Btu and 2446 kWh/Btu we find Poland in a very disadvantageous situation [11. Another disadvantage is the structure of energy demands in Poland, with 80% of demand being covered by hard and brown coal.
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From page 154... ...
Regarding air quality protection, the following are acknowledged by this program to be principal goals: . improvement of energetic fuel quality by depyrityfication of most sulfured grades of hard coal and deep desulphurization of medium-sulfured coals, providing power and thermal-electric power stations with desulfurization systems, modification of combustion processes by using fluidized bed furnaces redesigning power boilers to provide them with low-emission burners, providing all industrial plants with dust collection plants, 154
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From page 155... ...
The quantities of pollutants generated by house heating are so large that pollutant concentration limits in the Katowice region would be exceeded even if industrial and other sources were eliminated. Thus, it is very important to modify the structure of energy consumption, and the most appropriate way to improve atmospheric air quality is rationalization of energy consumption.
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From page 156... ...
, utilizating waste heat, particularly in the metallurgical industry, utilizating low-temperature geothermal water for purposes, eliminating irregularities in the operation of district heating systems, complex automation of heating systems, replacing hard coal in residential heating by enriched energy carriers. Also, increased amounts of active power can be obtained from existing power plants by reactive power management provided with electronically controlled capacitor banks into the national power network t31.
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From page 157... ...
Moreover, modifying residential and commercial heating systems by replacing hard coal with natural and/or coke-oven gas can significantly reduce the number of areas where atmospheric pollutant concentrations exceed limits. Thus, we can expect that energy and fuel rationalization programs will have an impact on the realization of pollutant emission limitation programs, particularly in the case of oxide emissions, and consequently, on air quality improvements in many areas of Poland.
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From page 159... ...
- 25 26 27 Torunskie TO . 75 35 115 75 10 70 65 5 20 60 5 25 55 30 110 50 10 35 45 12 70 45 15 75 20 90 170 15 15 12 0 0 12 10 65 10 8 55 10 0 10 0 ~10 10 0 0 O 9 5 80 9 0 20 6 0 10 275 380 O O O O O O O O O O 15,653 8,298 11,253 Suwalskie SU Tarnowskie TA 28 29 Koszalinskie KO Wgocgawskie WL 30 31 32 33 34 35 Biagostockie BK Gdanskie GD Zamojskie ZA Legnickie LO Sgupskie SL Olsztynskie OL 36 37 38 39 40 41 Lomzynskie LO Rzeszowskie RZ Bialskopodlaskie BP Nowosadeckie NS Pilskie PI Elblaskie EL 42 _ 43 44 45 46 _ 47 _ 48 49 Total .
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From page 161... ...
Some coal seams have a lot of ash and sulfur, ar d the underground waters which must be removed during mining have a high degree of mineralization. Development of clean coal technology in Poland requires the solution of problems in three areas, namely: reduction of mining wastes, the limitation of discharges of saline waters into surface waters, and desulfurization of coal.
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From page 162... ...
The quantity of wastes generated is large and is the result of both difficult natural conditions and inappropriate mining practices. The problems caused by natural conditions are complicated tectonics which require many shafts, chambers and cross-headings, many thin coal seams that can be reached only by first removing great quantities of waste rocks, and frequent occurrence of interlayers and geological disturbances in the coal seams.
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From page 163... ...
In the Lower Silesian Coal Basin, the coal seams contain about ~ . I% and in the Lublinian Coal Basin, I.3% sulfur.
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From page 164... ...
4. THE PROBLEM OF SALINE WATERS The salinity of underground waters varies from several milligrams per liter to more than 200 A
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From page 165... ...
Groundwater is also classified in four groups depending specifically on salinity: Group I Mesh waters with salinity below 0.6 g/l, Group II- indEustrial-use waters having salinity from 0.6 to 1.8 g/l, Group III-low-salini~ waters having salinity from 1.8 to 42 g/l, and Group IV saline waters having salinity above 42 g/l. The total outflow from Polish coal mines is 952,000 cubic meters per day.
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From page 166... ...
The simplest method is to abandon coal seams in the region with a high inflow of saline waters. Limitation of the saline water inflow may be obtained by the use of mining methods which increase the rock fractures.
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From page 167... ...
Fig 1 'Output. and management of wastes in 1990 Mining wastes 16.4 After coal dressing wastes 48.3 r Coal Coal _ Wastes Liz L 1 167 o 4 _ cell t ~ 1 Embarkment 3 `1 ..
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From page 169... ...
Reserves of natural gas are small and those of crude oil are insignificant. The hydroelectric energy resources of our rivers are limited.
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From page 170... ...
Liquid fuel consumption per capita is 3 times lower than in EC countries. The Polish economy has a high energy intensity of domestic product compared to the West European countries, with low electric energy consumption per capita.
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From page 171... ...
The public centralized district heating industry produces 235 PI of heat energy, which is distributed by centralized heating networks. in terms of electrical energy produced, recently about 96% was generated from solid fuels: 60% from hard coal and 36% from brown coal.
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From page 172... ...
The maximum feasible increase in hydroelectric generation is estimated at 13 Twh, which is 5% of the forecasted electric energy demand in 2010. The public power industry produces about 240 PI of energy for district heating per year, which amounts to 45% of space heating and hot water demands.
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From page 173... ...
. increased use of "clean coal" technologies such as fluidized-bed combustion and gasification with combined-cycle generation, ant!
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From page 174... ...
Figure ~ Installed Capacity 1 030 1173 1837 2254 3 3028 3121 3151 3168 3166 Pol i sh Powe r I nd u s try Years Total Total Total Thermal Plants Coal Hydra Hard | Brown In Industry MW 1945 1950 1960 1970 1 980 1 985 1 988 1989 1990 2353 2743 6316 13891 25292 30107 32057 31999 31952 1323 1 570 4479 11637 22264 26986 28906 2883 1 28786 1 161 1409 4218 1 0867 20937 2498 1 2690 1 26826 2678 1 1 1373 4048 6884 16153 17678 1 7798 1 7723 1 7723 23 169 3983 4784 7303 9103 9103 9058 162 161 261 770 1327 2005 2005 2005 2005 174
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From page 175... ...
. ~ ~ e I `~." 2.4 _ _ 1 ~# Tool Herd Coal Brown Coal Crude On Natural Was Others 175
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From page 176... ...
Figure 3 Thousand Tons 3 O Emisions of Dusts and Gasses Dusts 1 76 ~1989 E11990 .......
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From page 177... ...
Figure 4 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 _ 40 38 _ kg ce/1000 Zl of N1 3 6 34 32 30 28 Energy Intensity of Polish National I ncome ~q oft i. b Cl ,~ r ~ t ~ or 1000 Zl=5 USD (Prices 1984)
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From page 178... ...
Figure RAW Thousands Poor PIants InstaRed Capacity (~ In 1988 and 1989 3S 30 25 20 15 10 o O 1988 -1989 1 j~ ~ I 1 t Hydro-~cidc Indust Cogene~Ion Owl Ho. Par Lignite Ham Coal System Combustion Combustion 178
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From page 179... ...
Figure 6 ~1 .
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From page 181... ...
Energy obtained from renewable sources is usually ecologically pure and only affects the environment to some limited degree, but always on a local scale. Some technologies of energy production from renewables, such as biogas production, make use of communal, agricultural, and animal waste which otherwise would cause contamination of the environment.
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From page 182... ...
2. HYDROELECTRIC POWER Poland has limited hydroelectric energy resources.
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From page 183... ...
The energy obtained in this way can be utilized for hot water production in single family houses. Presently, some experiments are being conducted on utilizing solar collectors for space heating in single-family homes and greenhouse heating.
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From page 184... ...
Geothermal energy resources are estimated in Poland to be significant, especially in the southern part of the country. Geothermal waters with a temperature below 70 C can be utilized in winter for heating when combined with electric energy or natural gas in ways that might substantially improve the natural environment by reducing air pollution from coal burning.
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