Lead in the Americas A Call for Action (1996) / Chapter Skim
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3 Session C: Extent, Sources, and Pathways of Lead Exposure in the Hemisphere
3 Session C: Extent, Sources, and Pathways of Lead Exposure in the Hemisphere
Pages 75-90
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SESSION C Extent Sources and Ploys of [end Exposure In Me Hem1spbere
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measurement studies of lead in the environment; (6) results of studies that measured blood lead levels in specific populations; and (7)
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According to the survey, 36 percent of the countries in the region that responded have introduced unleaded gasoline. These include Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Mexico, Peru, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, and Uruguay in Latin America and the Dominican Republic and Trinidad in the Caribbean Basin.
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; U.S. Bureau of Mines (1 989J 79 Kl^Hh 5 Canada ~J o United States ~3 ~ 4 I> N 1 South Pacific Ocean North Atlantic ° Ocean ~S~o Trinidad and ` / Tobago South low America Brazil ~ r Peru~W r >~^ ·—- - W I ..
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Paralleling this decrease has been an observed lowering of blood lead levels in the residential population in the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City. Lead exposures related to use of leaded gasoline are highest in urban environments.
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Average blood lead levels in children varied from 3.4 ~g/61 to 39.0 Legal, and the proportion of children having lead in their blood above 10 ~g/61 varied from zero to 100 percent. Also, it is important to note that potential exposure of different populations through wastes from battery recycling is very high.
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Drs. Romieu and Lacasana wish to thank the following individuals for their valuable contributions: Henri Jouval, Isaias Daniel Gutierrez, Arend Van de Kork, Philippe Lamy, Manuel Nasif Issa, Armando L6pez Scavino, Celia Castell6, Mauricio Habaca Marileo, Raul Penna Melo, Franciso Jose Mardones, Antonio Romero Hernandez, Carlos Hilburg, Carlos Alfonso Osorio, Javier Hernan Paiga Coca, German Giraldo Salinas, Ram6n Jose Zapata Giraldo, Luis Edilberto Blandon Palomino, Merlin Fernandez, Luis A
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Lead is an international problem because of transnational movement of lead released into the air from stationary and mobile sources; because of trade in products containing lead, such as food and painted objects; and because of the movement of lead-containing discards (Silbergeld, 1995~. Lead sources may be considered in terms of mass balance; because of the elemental nature of lead, anthropogenic activity that shifts lead from crustal deposits to the human environment increases the likelihood of human exposure.
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While reducing lead levels in gasoline immediately reduces ambient air concentrations of lead (and crop deposition, with a lag time associated with the harvest cycle) , lead deposits in soils and dusts remain for decades, offering significant potential sources for exposure.
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In the United States, current (1988-1992) rates of increased lead exposure (blood lead concentrations >10 lug/ are five times greater in African American children, and twice as high in poor children, than in affluent white children.
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Source: Reprinted, with pe~ission, from Needleman, H.L., et al. "Deficits in psychologic and classroom performance of children with elevated dentine lead levels," The New England Journal & Medicine 300~131:689695.
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in vitro. In the CNS, lead can disrupt neuronal communication and memory storage through actions at several molecular targets: ion regulation by Na-K ATPase and conductance channels; neurotransmitter receptor and transporter binding; intracellular calcium storage and release; and intraneuronal second messenger proteins such as adeny} cyciase and protein kinase C
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From page 89... ...
In addition, understanding the range of lead toxicity is required to develop focused public health programs of surveillance and intervention. Experience demonstrates that the most effective means of lead exposure reduction are bans or substitutions on uses of lead in products such es gasoline, food cans, and paints.
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